The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of smart governance in Iraqi sports federations. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach and a data-based theory method with a constructivist approach. The statistical population included experts in sports management, sports sociology, and managers of Iraqi sports federations, and the sampling was purposeful and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The field of study and having scientific publications related to the subject, having managerial positions and executive experiences in the field of sports management, and experts in the field of sports were among the indicators for selecting the initial list of experts. The sampling method was non-probability sampling, with purposeful selection and with maximum diversity or heterogeneity. The sample size in this study was 15 people based on the theoretical saturation index. The measurement tool in the qualitative stage was an open interview and was analyzed based on three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Research findings: In the data analysis process, 105 initial open codes were extracted, which were organized and conceptualized in the form of these selective categories, which included five main selective categories including "technological and data-driven infrastructure", "tra  arency and supervisory system", "participation and human capital", "organizational structure and capacities", and "legal platforms and support". The results showed that Iraqi sports federations are in the transition stage from traditional management to smart governance and are facing challenges such as weak digital infrastructure, lack of integrated databases, lack of tra  arency and accountability, limited financial resources, and weak organizational structures. In contrast, capacities such as the existence of managerial and sports experiences, young human resources, international relations, and a tendency towards technological development have provided a suitable basis for the establishment of smart governance. Accordingly, the realization of smart governance requires the simultaneous development of digital technologies, reform of organizational structures, strengthening of the tra  arency and supervisory system, empowerment of human capital, and reform of laws and regulations. Finally, the presented model can be used as a practical framework for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of management in Iraqi sports federations.

   The aim of the present study was to explain the processes of professionalization of football and income generation of clubs in Iraq. The research method is qualitative (grounded theory). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, coaches and active athletes) in the field of football. For sampling, the snowdrop sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. To collect data, 16 people were interviewed. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.89. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the processes of professionalization of football in Iraq include: professional governance of clubs, strategic management of the club, human resource development, meritocracy, technical specialization, talent acquisition, infrastructure development, financial discipline, institutionalization of legal requirements, digital transformation, professionalization of the league, and interaction with fans. Also, the processes of revenue generation of football clubs in Iraq include: sponsorship revenues, media management, development of fan experience, branding, sales of club products, club commercial partnerships, player development and transfer, and commercialization of club infrastructure. These categories themselves include 20 concepts and 99 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that professionalization of football and development of revenue generation mechanisms are among the most important prerequisites for the growth and sustainability of football clubs in Iraq. Therefore, paying attention to this issue can provide the basis for improving performance, increasing competitiveness, and sustainable development of football in this country.

   The purpose of the present research was to identify the challenges and opportunities of the “One Hundred Competitions in one Hundred Days” program in schools (case study: Boys’ futsal). The research method was qualitative, based on Grounded Theory with Glaser’s approach. The statistical population consisted of experts (professors, teachers, school principals, event organizers, and district sports specialists) active in the field of student sports. For sampling and conducting in-depth interviews, the snowball sampling method was used. The main research instrument was interviews conducted with 16 participants. The validity of the interview tool was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and expert professors, while reliability was assessed through the intra-subject agreement method, with the reliability coefficient calculated as 0.85. Data analysis was performed using the Grounded Theory method. The findings revealed that the challenges of the “100 Competitions in 100 Days” program in schools include: managerial and executive challenges, financial and economic issues, infrastructural limitations, shortage of specialized human resources, cultural and social challenges, and unfairness. Meanwhile, the opportunities of the program (case study: Boys’ futsal) consist of individual skill development, infrastructure improvement, educational opportunities for teachers, social and cultural benefits, and economic opportunities. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that school administrators can create favorable conditions for fostering individual skills such as quick decision-making, stress management, accuracy, and motor coordination among boys through the implementation of this program.

  The present study aimed to examine the scientific and social dimensions of the literature related to sports corruption and provides a multidimensional picture of this field. Analysis of scientometric and altmetric data showed that scientific production in this field is mainly concentrated in English-speaking countries, especially the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, and these countries have the highest number of highly cited articles. The findings also showed that some sensitive topics, such as sports betting, doping, and management scandals, have had a wide social impact despite limited scientific citation, while articles with high scientific citations have been seen mainly in research communities and have received less public attention. The correlation between citation, altmetric, and social media indicators showed that scientific and social impact are not necessarily aligned and that each indicator represents a different dimension of research impact. This study shows that effective sports anti-corruption policies require synergy between scientific research, smart policymaking, and social participation. The results of the study can help develop tra  arency frameworks, improve governance structures, develop data systems, and promote interaction between knowledge and society, and provide a clear path for planning and implementing anti-corruption policies in national and international sports.

   The overall objective of this study is to identify the factors affecting the impact of female athletes on the success of national sports champions and to identify the effective factors. Based on the objectives of this study, the research method was qualitative and content analysis. The method of collecting the required information was semi-guided interviews. The statistical population of this study consisted of experts knowledgeable in the subject such as news in the field of sports management, sports sociology, sports media people, and athletes. Since identifying and accessing qualified interviewees is difficult, each person who is interviewed is asked to introduce another qualified person, which will be the statistical sample in a snowball method. The interviews are combined (in-person, virtual, and telephone calls), and theoretical saturation will be the quality criterion of the samples studied. The method of conducting this study was qualitative and content analysis. To conduct the research, after designing general questions and developing an interview protocol, in-depth and semi-structured interviews are conducted with experts.   The statistical population in the study was experts knowledgeable about the subject, such as experts in the field of sports management, sports sociology, sports media people, and athletes. The snowball sampling method was used. In the snowball method, the people who are interviewed are asked to introduce other people who are in a similar situation and can provide more information, and they are also interviewed. Using semi-guided interviews with the samples, this process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The sample was between 12 and 15 sports experts and the criterion for reaching theoretical saturation in this field. The data collection tool in the qualitative method was semi-guided interviews to collect information. The interviews were conducted in a mixed format (face-to-face, virtual, and telephone calls). Qualitative software was used to analyze the information obtained from the research.    Keywords: female athletes, sports elites, success, Pattern

This is an exploratory qualitative study conducted to gain a deep, multi-layered, and interpretive understanding of the challenges and opportunities of sports event management in developing countries, with an emphasis on sustainability and social responsibility. Using thematic analysis, this study identifies patterns, categorizes concepts, and extracts meanings from qualitative data such as semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the study includes experts and scholars active in the field of sports management in selected countries with experience in hosting sports events, and the sampling was purposefully conducted using the snowball method. The sample size was determined by the theoretical saturation rule, and MAXQDA software was used to code and analyze the data. The research results show that the field of sports event management faces challenges such as lack of expertise, managerial incoherence, financial constraints, and weak infrastructure, but there are valuable opportunities such as the effective role of the media, support from government institutions, raising managers' awareness, developing environmental standards, and strengthening economic and business strategies. Social responsibility is effective in promoting fan commitment and loyalty, as well as in improving the brand experience. The findings emphasize that in order to achieve sustainability and social responsibility in sports, it is necessary to adopt appropriate participatory, educational, culture-building, and policy-making strategies to achieve optimal organizational performance and develop the sports market. This analytical method has provided a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the cultural, organizational, and social contexts related to sports event management.  

  This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of AI studies in sports sciences from the Scopus database, emphasizes the importance of using AI in sports sciences, provides data for future research, highlights the need for AI applications in all sports fields in line with global trends, and most importantly, provides a perspective on future AI research in sports sciences in our country. The research method is bibliometric analysis, which examines global research trends in a specific region through the outputs of scientific publications in databases. Researchers use bibliometric analysis to identify emerging trends, evaluate journal performance, analyze collaboration patterns, and examine the composition of research in a specific field in the existing literature. A significant number of documents can be systematically and quantitatively analyzed in a bibliometric study. This type of analysis can highlight research hotspots and identify research trends by examining the distribution of literature over time, across sources, and across regions. Access to large amounts of scientometric data has become relatively easy with the advent of scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Software such as VOSviewer, BibExcel, Histcite, Citespace, and Gephi allow for the analysis of this data in a very pragmatic way. In this study, the visualization software CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix are used to map scientific knowledge, countries/regions, institutions, authors, co-occurring keywords, and co-citation references of published articles, and the Scopus collection database is examined for the status of research on AI and sports, hot spots, frontiers, and development trends of relevant articles.

The recent unprecedented wave of sport-based activism has brought renewed attention to sport as a force for social progress and change. Scholars have examined the factors that drive and facilitate protest through sport, analyzed media coverage and ambivalent responses to such activities, and begun to document its institutional and social impacts. Contrary to some pessimistic sociological critiques, recent research suggests that sport can contribute to the advancement of justice and change, but it can also have unintended consequences for sport, athletes, fans, and other stakeholders. The present study aims to review published literature in the field of sport and social activism. It adopts a descriptive research approach through bibliometric analysis to describe the scale, patterns, and productivity of global publications on sport activism. Bibliometric analysis is a research approach that examines global research trends in a specific area through the output of scholarly publications in databases. Researchers use bibliometric analysis to identify emerging trends, evaluate journal performance, analyze collaboration patterns, and examine the composition of research in a particular field in the existing literature. A significant number of documents can be systematically and quantitatively analyzed in a bibliometric study. This type of analysis can highlight research hotspots and identify research trends by examining the distribution of literature over time, across sources, and across regions. Access to large amounts of scientometric data has become relatively easy with the advent of scholarly databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Software such as VOSviewer, BibExcel, Histcite, Citespace, and Gephi allow for the analysis of this data in a very pragmatic way. This article uses the R language. The R programming language offers an easy-to-use scientometric analysis package called Biblioshiny from Bibliometrix for Scopus.  

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of positive leadership on the career development of physical education teachers in Mosul, Iraq, with the mediating role of career enthusiasm. This study was quantitative in terms of its quantitative strategy and correlation type, cross-sectional in terms of its time, applied in terms of its purpose, and field in terms of data collection. The present study was descriptive-correlational in terms of its statistical population and included all physical education teachers in Mosul, whose number was determined to be 250. The sample size was determined using    Sample Power software based on a test power of 80%. The data collection tools included Cameron's (2008) Positive Leadership Questionnaire, Schoeffley et al.'s (2006) Career Development, and Kanter and Mishra's (2002) Career Enthusiasm. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data, and in the inferential section, Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used according to the type of data. Statistical analyses were performed using    version 26 and SmartPLS version 3 software at an error level of 0.05. The findings showed that positive leadership has a significant relationship with teachers' job satisfaction and career fulfillment, and career satisfaction also plays a significant mediating role in this relationship. The results of structural equation modeling also showed that the model of the effect of positive leadership on teachers' career fulfillment with the mediating role of career satisfaction has a good fit, and the hypothesized relationships of the study were confirmed.  

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of content marketing on brand awareness of sports teams through the mediation of fans' sense of belonging. This study is applied in terms of its purpose and is descriptive-survey in nature and method of implementation and is in the category of correlational-causal research with a structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population of this study consists of all active fans of professional sports teams in Iran who follow content related to their favorite team through digital media and online platforms, such as official Instagram pages, Telegram channels, club websites, or fan applications. In this study, a purposive non-probability sampling method was used and the final sample size of the study was 350 people. In order to collect data, two library and field methods were used, and the tool used was a questionnaire. Data analysis was also carried out using    and Smart-PLS software. The findings of the study showed that content marketing has a significant and positive impact on brand awareness and also increases fans’ sense of belonging to the brand. In addition, fans’ sense of belonging plays an effective mediating role in strengthening the effect of content marketing on brand awareness. In other words, content marketing not only directly improves brand awareness, but also has an indirect and lasting effect on brand recognition and association by creating an emotional bond and strengthening fans’ belonging. These results indicate that content marketing strategies, along with paying attention to emotional aspects and interaction with fans, can be an effective tool for increasing brand recognition, loyalty, and value in the sports environment.  

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of self-regulation and socialization on the sports participation of physical education teachers in Wasit, Iraq. This study was applied, quantitative, and cross-sectional, and used a deductive-hypothetical approach to examine the relationships between variables. The statistical population of the study included 208 physical education teachers, and the sample size was determined based on the Morgan table. Data were collected using standard and researcher-made questionnaires; including Ryan and Kennell's (1989) Sports Self-Regulation Questionnaire, Pellitier et al.'s (2013) Sports Participation Questionnaire, and Taormina's (1994) Organizational Socialization Questionnaire, as well as the researcher-made demographic characteristics questionnaire. To ensure the accuracy of the data, content and face validity, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficient were examined, all of which showed acceptable values ??(? > 0.77). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling in    and Smart PLS software. The results showed that self-regulation and sociability have a significant positive effect on teachers' sports participation; self-regulation showed the highest direct effect and sociability showed the highest indirect effect on sports participation. Based on the findings, strengthening self-regulation skills and promoting sociability can help increase teachers' active and continuous participation in sports activities. This study provides valuable scientific evidence for educational and management planning of schools to improve sports activities.  

   The aim of the present study was to design a model of challenges and opportunities for elite Paralympic athletes. The research method is qualitative (grounded theory with Glaser's approach). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, coaches, board presidents, and athletes) in the field of Paralympic sports. The snowdrop sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. 16 people were interviewed to collect data. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was 0.84. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the challenges of elite Paralympic athletes include: economic problems, socio-cultural problems, sports problems, management problems, legal problems, media problems, and political problems. Also, the opportunities of elite Paralympic athletes include: sports factors, psychological factors, educational and professional factors, economic and financial factors, social and cultural factors, political and legal factors, and technological and media factors. These categories had a series of open and central codes. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that elite Paralympic athletes, along with physical, social, and structural challenges, gain unique opportunities for personal growth, i  iration, and promotion of the status of disabled sports in society. Examining the pattern of challenges and opportunities shows that institutional and cultural support can smooth the path to their success.

The aim of the present study was to identify the challenges of professional female athletes in Kermanshah province and provide solutions. The research method is qualitative (grounded data theory with Glaser's approach). The statistical population of the present study was experts (professors, coaches, experts, and athletes) active in the field of women's sports. The snowdrop sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. 16 people were interviewed to collect data. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was 0.86. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the challenges of professional female athletes in Kermanshah province include: economic challenges, cultural-social challenges, sports challenges, management challenges, legal-legal challenges, media challenges, and political challenges. Each of these obstacles had its own conceptual and open codes. And appropriate solutions were presented against these obstacles. Based on the findings of the present study, we conclude that examining the status of professional female athletes in Kermanshah province shows that various obstacles affect their growth and participation. Therefore, serious attention to the development of infrastructure, financial and managerial support, and reforming cultural attitudes can increase opportunities for progress. Therefore, designing comprehensive and localized solutions to remove these obstacles is essential.   

The aim of the present study was to identify the obstacles to owning a professional football club in Kermanshah province and to provide a solution. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory with Glazer's approach). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, experts, coaches and athletes) in the field of football. The snowdrop sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. 19 people were interviewed to collect data. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.89. The data-based theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the obstacles to professional football club ownership in Kermanshah province include: managerial and structural obstacles, financial and economic obstacles, legal and legal obstacles, infrastructural and technical obstacles, cultural and social obstacles, and communication and media obstacles. And in response to these obstacles, appropriate solutions were presented. These categories themselves included a series of conceptual and open codes. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that in order to resolve the financial and economic problems of clubs, relevant managers and officials should establish a marketing and revenue-generating unit for the club, which is responsible for designing investment packages, attracting local sponsors, and launching digital fan services. In this way, the club can be placed on the path of economic growth and development.      

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of social networks in sports business innovation (the case study was sports clubs in Kermanshah). The research method is qualitative (grounded data theory). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, experts, and managers) in the field of sports businesses. The snowdrop sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview, which was conducted with 16 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.90. The grounded data theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the role of social networks in sports business innovation includes: innovative marketing and branding, easy communication with the club, increasing customer loyalty, attracting capital, crisis management in the club, producing attractive multimedia content, innovation in designing and providing sports services, and generating income through cyberspace. These categories themselves include 18 concepts and 71 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that club managers should seriously benefit from analyzing social network data so that they can accurately identify the interests, needs, and behaviors of their audiences and provide services tailored to their needs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of social networks in sports business innovation (the case study was sports clubs in Kermanshah). The research method is qualitative (grounded data theory). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, experts, and managers) in the field of sports businesses. The snowdrop sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview, which was conducted with 16 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.90. The grounded data theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the role of social networks in sports business innovation includes: innovative marketing and branding, easy communication with the club, increasing customer loyalty, attracting capital, crisis management in the club, producing attractive multimedia content, innovation in designing and providing sports services, and generating income through cyberspace. These categories themselves include 18 concepts and 71 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that club managers should seriously benefit from analyzing social network data so that they can accurately identify the interests, needs, and behaviors of their audiences and provide services tailored to their needs.   

The aim of the present study was to identify the challenges and opportunities of the 100-match-in-100-days project in schools (case study: dodgeball game). The research method is qualitative (grounded theory with Glaser approach). The statistical population of the present study was experts (professors, teachers, school administrators, organizers, and area experts) active in the field of student sports. The snowball sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview. It was conducted with 15 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.80. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the challenges of the 100-match-in-100-days project in schools include: equipment challenges for playing Dejball, skill and educational challenges for teachers, psychological, social, and behavioral challenges for students, participatory and gender justice challenges, and executive, organizational, and planning challenges. The opportunities of the 100-match-in-100-days project in schools include: educational and training opportunities, cultural and social opportunities, psychological and behavioral opportunities, educational and professional opportunities for teachers, infrastructure and logistics development opportunities, creating cooperation networks between schools, and personal development opportunities for students. Therefore, based on the findings of the present study in the field of educational and training opportunities, the implementation of this project can lead to improving basic sports skills, strengthening the spirit of cooperation, compliance with the rules, and increasing problem-solving abilities in students.   

   Abstract In recent decades, the concept of body management—particularly among women—has emerged as a significant issue in the fields of health, sociology, and sports studies. Women who are members of sports clubs face various challenges in reconciling beauty standards, athletic requirements, and cultural expectations, all of which influence their attitudes toward their bodies. This study aimed to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the attitudes of female sports club members in Kermanshah regarding body management. This applied research employed a descriptive–survey method. The statistical population consisted of all women registered in public and private sports clubs in Kermanshah in the year 2024. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with 32 items covering five dimensions: individual–psychological, social, cultural, media-related, and economic. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed, and data analysis was conducted using    and SmartPLS software through structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicated that the media-related factor had the greatest impact on women's attitudes toward body management, followed by the psychological, cultural, social, and economic dimensions. The findings revealed that social comparison, body image, cultural norms, and financial access are key components influencing women's motivations to control, modify, or enhance their bodies. In conclusion, body management among female athletes in Kermanshah is a multidimensional phenomenon influenced by media, social structures, and individual cognition. Therefore, designing educational, media, and support policies tailored to psychological and cultural contexts can improve attitudes and promote women's physical and mental well-being. Keywords: Body Management, Women's Attitudes, Social Media, Women's Sports, Cultural Factors                  

   The aim of the present study was to analyze the strategic management of wrestling in Kermanshah province. The research method is qualitative (grounded theory). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, coaches, athletes, and experts) in the field of wrestling. The snowball sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview, which was conducted with 15 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was 0.81. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the challenges of strategic management of wrestling in Kermanshah province include: weakness in formulating a long-term strategy, lack of financial support, lack of infrastructure and facilities, weakness in training specialized human resources, low competitiveness, little attention to wrestling, lack of a comprehensive talent search system, media management crisis, and management problems. Also, the solutions for developing wrestling in Kermanshah province include: having strategic planning, improving financial conditions and attracting sponsors, developing sports infrastructure and facilities, training and developing human resources, holding competitions and events, promoting wrestling in the community, strengthening talent search programs, improving media and advertising, and improving the management system, each of which has a number of open codes. Therefore, we conclude that, considering the challenges identified in this study, officials should use the presented solutions to overcome these obstacles, and managers should also establish strong partnerships with the private sector and local industries to provide financial resources for wrestling.

   This study aimed to bibliometrically analyze studies in the field of Muslim women's sports in Scopus and Web of Science. This study used bibliometric techniques. The statistical population of this study consists of studies related to the field of Muslim women's sports in Scopus and Web of Science databases. The sample includes studies conducted between 1985 and 2023. The selection criteria include document type (articles only), language (limited to English), and in the field of Muslim women's sports. The analyses were conducted using Bibliometrix-R software. Bibliometrix is ??a tool for visualizing information in bibliometric analysis based on scientific production and publications in countries and regions, journals, authors, articles, keywords, and research institutions. The findings of this study showed that the most popular topics in women's sports included: gender, sports, Islam, and Muslim women. Finally, the co-occurrence analysis of the words showed that the red cluster showed items related to sports, including: gender, Islam, and physical activity; the blue cluster focused on Muslim women and was related to intersectionality, integration, migration, and international feminism; the green cluster included four items related to the connection of girls, Muslims, physical education, and religiosity. Therefore, we conclude that in order to improve the situation of Muslim women's sports, we should focus on the findings of the present study and take action to develop women's sports through interaction with authors and journals that are more established in this field.

   The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between perceived economic status and the choice of information sources and the preferred market for sports supplements in non-competitive users. The method of the present study is descriptive-survey in terms of type. The statistical population of the present study is all male clients and customers of fitness clubs in Kermanshah city. Given the dispersion of fitness clubs in urban areas, the statistical sample is selected in a random-cluster manner. The Cochrane population distribution ratio formula was used to determine the sample size. According to this formula, the statistical sample of the present study was 318 people. The instrument used for this study is based on the standard questionnaires of Kaktomani et al. (2019), Curry, Dossey, and Lucy (2023); Maughan et al. (2007). In the present study, the face and content validity of the questionnaire was approved by professors and experts, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to measure reliability, which was equal to 0.88. In order to analyze the data and answer the research hypotheses,    version 25 software was used. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, there was a significant relationship between the perceived economic situation and the selection of information sources and the preferred market for sports supplements among male bodybuilders. There was also a significant relationship between the perceived economic situation and the prioritization of product features among male bodybuilders. And finally, there was a significant difference between the perceived economic situation and the prioritization of product features among different income groups. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that officials and managers should take steps to improve the economic situation of society, thereby creating conditions for athletes to purchase sports products.   

AbstractThe aim of this research was to present an interpretive structural model of student sports development. This research was applied in terms of research orientation and was a mixed research (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of research philosophy. The statistical population of the present study included all professors of sports management, student sports officials, and sports activists at universities in Kermanshah. Theoretical sampling was used to determine the number of people and find the research path, and theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 15 in-depth interviews. In the qualitative part of the research, in-depth interviews were used to collect information, and in the quantitative part, the instrument used was a questionnaire. To analyze the information in the qualitative part, three overlapping processes of open, axial, and selective coding were used, which were based on the data-driven method and the Glaser approach, and to analyze the information in the quantitative part, the interpretive structural modeling method was used with the help of ISM software. The findings in the qualitative section showed that the electronic marketing model for selling online sports products was based on 89 initial concepts and the results obtained from the final coding showed that the core codes of the research were fourteen factors (factors of financial resource development, development of places and infrastructure, development of the scientific environment, development of the legal environment, development of the cultural environment, social factors, structural factors, management factors, recreational and public factors, prospects for the development of student sports, motivational incentives, promotion and information about the benefits of sports).Also, the results of the structural-interpretive model in the quantitative section showed that financial resources, development of places and infrastructure, structural factors and management factors were at the first level, human resource development at the second level, cultural factors, social factors and development of the scientific environment at the third level, development of the legal environment, intramural competitions, recreational and public factors, motivational incentives and promotion and information about the benefits of sports were at the fourth level and the prospects for the development of student sports were at the fifth level.Keywords: Sports development, student sports, interpretive structural model

   The aim of the present study was to present a model of the challenges of Muslim women's competitive sports based on a layered analysis of causes. In terms of methodology, the present study is a qualitative research (grounded theory method or grounded theory using triangulation). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, experts, experts and female athletes) in the field of women's sports. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. Multiple sources (interviews_ visual media_ news_ study of theoretical foundations and documents) were used to collect information. The validity of the research instrument (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.86. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the challenges at the litany level include: restrictions on Islamic clothing and attire, lack of appropriate sports facilities, negative cultural and social attitudes, gender discrimination, legal and political barriers, and psychological and social pressures; the challenges at the systematic level include the categories of: economic problems, social problems, lack of facilities and infrastructure, lack of adequate representation by the media, cultural challenges, political challenges, and individual problems; the challenges at the discourse analysis level include: traditionalist versus modernist worldview, attitudes toward women's bodies, different interpretations of religion and Sharia, discourse on power and gender roles, Westernist versus nativist worldview, media discourse, and representation and conflict between individualism and collectivism; and finally, the last level, myths and metaphors, include: women as guardians of the home, the sacred body, competition, the arena of men, women, symbols of honor and pride in society, submissive and humble women, the West versus the East, and the hero-sacrifice. Therefore, we conclude that, considering the challenges identified in the present study, officials and managers can play an effective role in addressing the challenges of Muslim women's competitive sports by taking practical measures.   

   The aim of the present study was to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the virtual leisure of female students in western Iranian universities. In this study, a mixed research method was used to collect data. The statistical population of the present study included experts (professors, experts, and students) active in the field of leisure in western Iran. The snowdrop sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview, which was conducted with 16 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.85. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the factors affecting the virtual leisure of female students in western Iranian universities include, in order of priority: 1. Individual factors, 2. Economic factors, 3. Psychological factors, 4. Cultural factors, 5. Social factors, and 6. Educational and research factors. We conclude that these factors make cyberspace not only considered as an environment for entertainment and recreation but also as an environment for learning, research, and professional growth. In this way, students can utilize their free time to improve their skills and improve the quality of their academic life.

Abstract The growth of information and communication technologies, the creation of information, the use of various sources and digital media on the one hand, and the use of educational drugs that are distance learning or the increasing adaptation of information technology. Sports to achieve efficiency and capability in coaches in performing their duties and ultimately improve the performance of their coaches on factors that can cause desirable performance, one of the factors that affect the performance of coaches that is of particular importance and has a significant impact on achieving desirable performance is professional digital competence. The purpose of the present study is to explain the effect of professional digital competence on coaches of sports clubs in Kermanshah province. The present study is descriptive and correlational in terms of the method of collecting data. The statistical population of this researcher was all martial arts coaches (taekwondo-karate-wushu) in Kermanshah province, which numbered 220 people in 1403. The sampling method was the total number and its volume was 220. In the present study, a questionnaire will be used to collect data and structural equation modeling will be used to examine the research hypotheses. The results showed that professional digital competence and its components have a positive and significant effect on the performance of coaches in sports clubs in Kermanshah province at a five percent error level. The results show that among the components of professional digital competence, the most significant relationship and effect on the performance of coaches in sports clubs and content production have the least effect on the performance of coaches in sports clubs. Keywords: Sports, Coach, Professional Digital Competence, Coach Coach, Kermanshah  

  The purpose of the present research is to identify the challenges and opportunities of conducting in-service courses for physical education teachers in the context of cyberspace. The mixed research method is exploratory (quantitative and qualitative) and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population in the qualitative part is 15 high-ranking education experts knowledgeable about the research topic (until reaching theoretical saturation), and the quantitative part includes all physical education teachers in the country (29,000) who, using the sample size determination table of Karjesi and Morgan, The number of 377 people will be considered as a quantitative statistical sample. In the qualitative part, the challenges and opportunities of conducting in-service courses for physical education teachers in the context of virtual space will be identified and the relevant model will be designed. In the quantitative part, with the structural equation modeling method and Smart PLS software, the relationships between the elements and components of the model will be subjected to a quantitative test.

   The purpose of the current research was to investigate championship sports as a means of building national identity and cohesion (challenges and opportunities). The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of the current research is experts (professors, experts and athletes) in the field of championship sports. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 17 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the within-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.88. The test was also approved. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that the challenges of championship sports include the following categories: economic problems, lack of infrastructure and sports facilities, management problems, lack of specialized human resources, and political problems. And also the opportunities include: attracting financial sponsors for the development of infrastructure, culturalization of championship sports in the society and strengthening national cohesion. These 8 items include 17 concepts and 61 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude that in order to improve the state of championship sports, it is necessary to focus on the challenges identified in this research, and by using the upcoming opportunities, prepare the ground for increasing national cohesion and solidarity through championship sports.

   As a social phenomenon, the migration of elites and sports professionals has harmful effects on the growth and development processes of sports. One of the most important factors that play a role in the success of professional sports is elite, useful and efficient human resources. In addition to facilitating professional development, retention of sports elites reduces conflicts and the longevity of professional sports forces and increases productivity. For this reason, in this research, a model for maintaining elites in Iran's state sports organizations based on the specific challenges and contexts of Iranian society has been presented.

   The purpose of the current research was to identify the challenges of the weightlifting federation in Iraq and provide solutions. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of the current research is experts (professors, experts, employees, athletes and heads of committees) in the field of weightlifting. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 16 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the within-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.90. The test was also approved. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that the challenges facing the weightlifting federation in Iraq include: lack of infrastructural facilities, weak management system and lack of financial and expert human resources in the federation, as well as solutions for the development of the weightlifting federation in Iraq. It includes: improving the financial and human condition of the federation, developing the infrastructure of weightlifting and efficient management system. These 6 cases included 12 concepts and 40 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude that for the development of the weightlifting federation in Iraq, the authorities should act through the identified indicators regarding the financial support and comprehensive development of the weightlifting infrastructure of this country. As a result of this, the federation will be on the path of generating income and improving the financial situation.

   امروزه بيش از هر زمان ديگري در طول تاريخ شاهدتحول هاي چشمگير در عرصه‌ي فناوري و اطلاعات هستيم. در عصر اينترنت، تلفن همراه، اينترنت اشيا و هوش مصنوعي، كارآفريني و كسب و كارها بيشترين ميزان تحول را داشته‌اند. متاورس يا فراتر از جهان ،فناوري نوپديدي است كه فرصت ها و چالش هايي را بركليه فعاليت ها با تركيبي از دنياي مجازي و واقعيت ايجاد مي كند. اين فناوري در حال گسترش،سبب ايجاد تحولات شگرف در تمامي شاختار هاي زندگي آدمي در كسب وكار،ورزش ودنياي سرگرمي و.. ميگردد. الگوي علمي اين پژوهش كيفي و جامعه آماري اين پژوهش حاضر اساتيد و مختصصين ورزشي وغير ورزشي آگاه به موضوع هستند. از طريق ابزار مصاحبه   به صورت نيمه ساختار يافته به شناسايي عوامل علي-زمينه اي و مداخله گر و راهبرد ها وپيامد ها پرداخته خواهدشد. روايي ابزار پژوهش (مصاحبه)،توسط مصاحبه شونده وسپس اساتيد و متخصصين مورد بررسي قرار گرفت .براي سنجش پايايي از روش توافق درون موضوعي و براي تجزيه و تحليل داده ها از روش نظريه برخواسته از داده ها استفاده شد. يافته ها نشان داد كه چالش ها شامل قوانين و مقررات، علم و دانش، انگيزه، حمايت و پشتيباني، مزيت رقابتي، تبليغات و فروش و مديريت و فرصت ها شامل آموزش، ارتباطات، بازاريابي، هواداري، فعاليت هاي ورزشي، گردشگري و تحليل ورزشي مي باشد.    واژگان كليدي :   متاورس، ورزش و سرگرمي، فناوري ورزشي   

   Today, sports federations are responsible for the development of sports all over the world, which for survival, growth, innovation, performance improvement and competitiveness in the national and global arena in today's dynamic environment requires two strategic knowledge management capabilities with two components (documented knowledge, personal knowledge) ) and two strategic strategies with two dimensions (exploration and exploitation) are needed. The purpose of this research is to explain the effect of strategic knowledge management on the strategic ability of managers and experts of selected sports federations. The research method in terms of practical purpose and in terms of gathering information is a descriptive survey and the statistical population of the research includes all managers and employees of sports federations, the sampling method in this research will be random-stratified, so that first all federations It is divided into two groups of team sports and individual sports, then there are six federations of team sports that include (football, volleyball, handball, basketball, hockey, baseball) and six federations of individual sports (wrestling, weightlifting, taekwondo, karate, tennis). On the table, athletics) has been randomly selected as the total number of employees of Iran's sports federations (750 people), which was determined to determine the statistical sample from the table of Karjesi and Morgan, 1970 (159 people). 250 questionnaires have been distributed to prevent the samples from falling. The tools used in the upcoming research are two strategic knowledge management questionnaires (Lopez and Maruner 2011), which will include eight items and two components (documented knowledge - personal knowledge) and the strategic duality questionnaire (Johnson et al., 2009), which includes fourteen items and two components. is a component Their reliability is respectively 73/. and 78/. Designated . Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, etc.) will be used for data analysis. Also, in the inferential statistics section (Pearson's correlation coefficient test) will be used to measure the relationship between variables and analyze the modeling path of structural equations using   25 and LISREL8.70 software.

      (This research was conducted with the approach of qualitative study and thematic analysis, open questions and content analysis were used to extract systematic information from the data with the aim of explaining the phenomenon under study and categorizing the relationships between its elements. It provides the possibility of extracting systematic information from the study data. The purpose of this method is to explain a phenomenon by identifying key elements and categorizing the relationships between these elements. The participants of this research were professors of sports management, experts and trainers of sports and basketball with research experience. A total of 13 interviews were conducted with experts and experts and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The main research tools included exploratory interviews and the use of theoretical study tools on library and media sources to collect data.    The interviews continued based on theoretical saturation until the researcher reached theoretical saturation. In order to increase the validity by providing feedback to the interviewees and putting them on the path of inquiry in order to increase the internal validity, for reliability, the test-retest reliability method was used by calculating the amount of intra-subject agreement. Thematic analysis included steps such as getting to know the data, creating primary codes, classifying codes into topics, creating themes, analyzing thematic networks, and the final report of thematic analysis. These prerequisites include equipment and facilities for obtaining financial support and sports scholarships, providing psychological conditions and mental preparation, specialized training and developing sports skills, as well as supporting and maintaining athletes. Support processes also include various stages that are used in the world

   The purpose of this research was to explain the factors affecting the development of football in Iraq. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of the current research is experts (professors, experts, experts and coaches) in the field of football. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 17 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the within-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.90. The test was also approved. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that various factors have an impact on the development of soccer in Iraq, and these factors were categorized into 6 main categories. The categories include: economic factors, improvement of the infrastructural situation, appropriate management system, meritocracy in football, professional training and talent search and attracting fans. These 6 items include 12 concepts and 48 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude that for the development of football in Iraq, it should be focused on the categories extracted from this research, so that the officials and planners of football clubs can understand the needs, priorities and requirements. Identify the development of football sport and according to the known indicators, take suitable and appropriate measures in this direction so that they can ultimately help the development of football sport in this country.

   The purpose of the current research was to design the development model of Iraqi football clubs. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of the current research is experts (professors, experts, coaches, athletes and heads of boards) in the field of football. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 15 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the within-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.87. The test was also approved. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that various factors influence the development of football clubs in Iraq, and these factors were categorized into 11 main categories. The categories include: improving the financial status of the club, holding training courses, developing infrastructure facilities, developing human resources, inefficiency of the club management system, weak financial and human resources, having a supportive policy, professional talent search system, developing infrastructures. football, creating discipline in the club and improving the condition of the club and athletes. These 11 items include 22 concepts and 76 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude that for the development of football clubs in Iraq, the authorities should act through the identified indicators towards the privatization and all-round development of the football infrastructure of this country. This will put the clubs on the path of generating income and improving the financial situation.

   The purpose of the current research was to explain the factors affecting the migration of Iraqi sports elites and to provide solutions. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of the current research is experts (athletes and expert professors) in the field of elite sports. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 16 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.89. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that the challenges of Iraqi sports elite migration include 6 major categories: economic problems, social problems, cultural problems in the society, inefficient political system, weakness in the management system and psychological factors, and solutions for elite migration. Iraq's sports include 6 major categories: development of Iraq's economy, improvement of the social condition of the society, development of sports culture, professional policy making in sports, improvement of the management system of Iraq and promotion of hope and motivation among elite athletes. And finally, the consequences of the migration of Iraq's sports elites include 3 major categories: decline in sports, cultural-social and economic-political. These categories include 30 concepts and 119 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude by emphasizing the research findings and identified challenges, macro-policies and effective measures should be taken to improve the quality of social and professional life of elite athletes. Also, managers provide the conditions for the development of Iraqi sports at the elite and championship levels by supporting them financially and economically.

   The purpose of the current research was to design the development model of futsal league in Iraq. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of the current research is experts (professors, experts, coaches, athletes) in the field of futsal. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 16 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the within-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.86. The test was also approved. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that various factors have an impact on the development of futsal league in Iraq. These factors were categorized into 11 main categories. The categories include: improving futsal infrastructure, improving specialized human resources, improving futsal infrastructure, improving specialized human resources, structure problems, lack of financial and human resources, appropriate management system, finding talent in futsal, increasing futsal clubs. improvement of the club system and development of sports culture in the society. These 11 items include 22 concepts and 73 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude that for the development of futsal league in Iraq, it is necessary to provide financial support to futsal clubs through the identified categories, and with the appropriate talent search in the field of futsal, the conditions for participation Provide talented people in professional leagues.   

   This research was carried out with the aim of "thematic analysis of studies related to sports startups in Iran and drawing its scientific map in sports". The research method is analytical-applicative, which is designed in two parts: thematic analysis and then drawing the road map. The research method was based on thematic analysis, which was used to analyze qualitative data in the field of sports startups and to categorize meaning patterns from the data set, and then based on Ravar Matrix software. A scientific map was drawn and Centrality and betweenness indices were determined. The statistical population of this research was all published articles with the keyword sports startup. For this purpose, by using the purposeful sampling method, by referring to the internal site (all sports publications) and foreign scientific sites (Science Direct, Research Gate, and Google Scholar), the desired articles were collected. Finally, 6 articles in domestic publications and 37 articles in foreign publications were identified. In this research, sampling was not done and all 43 articles were examined and analyzed. Data analysis was done using Excel software to draw graphs and Ravar Matrix software. The findings of the research showed that sports start-up is a new topic, and the articles published in this field are categorized in the thematic areas of starting start-ups, development ways and support ways. Most of these articles have been done analytically and the modeling articles have the lowest number among the research methods of the articles. It was also done based on coding in the Visual Studio program, and 81 repetitive words (including: strategy, founder, investment, work teams, individual characteristics, expertise, market, etc.) were identified. According to the thematic analysis, 85 cases of primary concept were identified. These badges were categorized in 85 concepts, 13 themes and 3 main categories according to thematic and conceptual proximity in the axial coding stage. Finally, in drawing the scientific map of start-ups, you identified centrality and betweenness indices for 14 variables with high repetition in all texts and drew its diagram. What was shown in this research is that in recent years, it has been paid attention to by sports science and marketing researchers and this field is a new field that can be used as a trick to develop the society's economy.

  The purpose of the present research was to determine the effect of perceived social responsibility on brand equity with the mediating role of team identity and online community identity in Iraqi Naft al-Wasat futsal team fans. The current research is in terms of practical purpose and in terms of descriptive method, it is of survey type, in terms of correlation between variables, and in terms of time, it is cross-sectional. The statistical population of this research consists of all the fans of Iraq Naft Al Wasat futsal team who were members of online virtual groups or online communities of fans of Iraq Naft Al Wasat Futsal Team. According to Mueller's optimal sample size rule, 277 fans participated in this research as a sample. The data collection tool was the standard questionnaires of perceived social responsibility, team identity, online community identity and brand equity Kim and Manoli (2022). The validity and reliability of the measurement tool was confirmed using content validity, convergent validity, divergent validity, combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha. In order to test the statistical assumptions, the variance-oriented structural equation model was used. The results of the research showed that perceived social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on brand equity (?=0.322), team identity (?=0.652) and online community identity (?=0.695). Also, team identity (?=0.315) and online community identity (?=0.311) have a positive and significant effect on brand equity. Finally, the perceived social responsibility has a significant effect on the special value of the brand with the mediating role of team identity and online community identity in the fans of Naft al-Wasat futsal team (?=0.422). According to the results of the research, managers of Iraqi Naft Al-Wasat futsal team can increase their level of social responsibility to improve their brand value and strengthen the fans' team identity and the fans' identity in the club's online communities.

The purpose of the current research was to develop an intelligence model in sports internet businesses. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of this research includes experts, experts, professors and sports business owners in the field of this research. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 17 people. The validity of the research instrument (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.87. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that the development of an intelligent model in sports internet businesses includes: causal factors (innovation development, resource management and business development through the Internet); background factors (supportive-legal policies and cultural infrastructure); Intervening conditions (internal intervenors, external intervenors and weakness in managerial knowledge); strategies (strategy based on business communication, strategy based on customer and strategy based on supporting managers) and finally consequences (individual consequences, business development and socio-economic consequences). These categories themselves include 32 concepts and 148 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude by emphasizing the findings of the research and the concepts identified, macro-policies and effective measures should be taken to promote online sports businesses. In this way, short-term employments will also prosper.      

   Abstract The aim of the current research was to investigate and analyze the role of mass media in raising awareness of women's inclination towards sports in Kermanshah province. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of this research includes experts (media experts, sports experts of Kermanshah province and professors) in the field of women's sports. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 27 people. The validity of the research instrument (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.87. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that the role of mass media in raising awareness of women's tendency towards sports in Kermanshah province includes: raising awareness through the media, increasing the motivation to attract sponsors, proper infrastructure management, culture building, development obstacles and It is media strategies. These categories include 17 concepts and 78 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude by emphasizing the findings of the research and the identified concepts, macro-policies and effective measures should be taken to promote mass media among women, as well as provincial managers with Awareness through the media to make women aware of the positive benefits of exercising.

The purpose of this research is to examine the challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in the post-corona era and to provide solutions to the sports managers of the Sports and Youth Department of Kermanshah province. A mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative) will be used to collect data. This research is practical in terms of purpose. In terms of data collection, it will be an interview study.The statistical population includes experts in the field of sports (university professors, presidents and vice presidents, experts, athletes, coaches, sports experts, club managers and employees of sports and youth departments) in the field of challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in Kermanshah province. It is the post-corona era. The sampling method will be snowball type. In this research, the researcher will interview 15 knowledgeable people in the field of sports in Kermanshah province. The research was conducted in the period of 1400-1401. The interviewees will be asked to express their opinions about the challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in the post-coronavirus era in Kermanshah province and according to the knowledge, experience and expertise they have in this field, with correct and logical identification. The challenges and opportunities that have arisen during the corona era, it is possible to provide solutions to avoid challenges and use the opportunities to help club owners in the post-corona era. And according to the obtained results, it is possible to provide solutions to the managers and heads of sports boards of Kermanshah province for better management of this field in the post-Corona era. Therefore, sports managers are advised to use the results of this research in order to reduce the challenges and use the opportunities created due to the corona disease in the field of sports in the province.   

   Abstract    The current research was conducted with the aim of analytical study of sports and leisure spaces for women, with an emphasis on women's park in Kermanshah province. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. Library and field methods were used to collect data and information. The research tool was a questionnaire, which was a combination of two questionnaires taken from similar researches, and then the professors of the university checked the validity of the content, and by conducting a pre-test, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the reliability of the questionnaire were calculated as 0.9. The statistical population of the research includes all women referring to It was Kermanshah Women's Park. The size of the statistical sample was estimated through the t-tech test of two domains using the Sample power software of 128 people, and the same number of questionnaires were distributed among the samples. One-sample t-test and central indices were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that based on the results of the sample T-Tech test and according to the Likert evaluation, the physical, cultural, sports and management facilities of Kermanshah Women's Park have an unfavorable situation; In contrast, the components of the level of security, social relations and mental health have a favorable situation. According to the obtained results, it is recommended to implement a project regarding the optimization of women's park in Kermanshah based on the results obtained from this research and practical suggestions in order to continue and increase the presence of women.

  The present research explains the model of electronic sports tourism in Kermanshah city based on the theory of foundation data. This research is applied in terms of development goal, in terms of qualitative data and cross-sectional survey in terms of nature. In addition, the plan is exploratory. The statistical population of this research was made up of experts in the field of electronic tourism and sports, who participated in the research by using the purposeful and snowball sampling method after reaching the theoretical saturation limit. The research data collection tool was semi-structured interview. In this research, data analysis was done using three stages of open, central, and selective coding based on Strauss and Corbin's approach. These coding steps were done by using Max Kyuda version 18 software. According to the results obtained from the conducted interviews, in total, 88 open codes were obtained from the interviews that were conducted with the samples under investigation, in the form of 16 central codes and 5 selective codes of causal factors (being attractive to tourists, being more comfortable, mental developments and tourism attractions of the province), contextual (emphasis on friends and family, other people's experiences and the capabilities of the website), interventionist (security weaknesses, management and government weaknesses and individual characteristics), strategies (advertising strategies, infrastructure development, offering discounts, management strategies and development of e-sports tourism) and consequences (tourist communication, economic development, reducing costs and making travel easier) were categorized. . Key words: model, e-sports tourism, Kermanshah, foundation data theory.

The purpose of this research was to examine and diagnose corruption in sports in Kermanshah and to provide a suitable management model and ways to deal with it. In terms of purpose, the present research was applied, research method was descriptive and it was a survey type of study that was conducted in a field and in a mixed manner. In the qualitative part, the statistical population includes 17 people from the province's sports management elites and champions, coaches and sports managers, and in the quantitative part, it includes 384 people from university professors, presidents and vice presidents, experts, athletes, veterans, coaches and employees of the Sports and Youth Department. They were at the level of Kermanshah. In the qualitative part, the open, axial and selective coding method was used based on the Strauss and Corbin (1998) paradigm model, and in the quantitative part, the structural equation method was used. The findings of the research were examined in all five dimensions of contextual factors, causal factors, intervening factors, strategies and consequences. The results showed that the strategies resulting from the model include: dealing with corrupt people, dealing with corruption in the media, planning to fight corruption, revising laws, processes and structures, appointing competent people, creating a culture to reduce corruption, monitoring and evaluation. The proper continuous is the clarification of the processes. Therefore, it is recommended to use the results of this research in order to reduce the damage caused by corruption and its management in sports of the province.   

The purpose of the current research was to develop a model for the development of sports economy in Kermanshah province. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of this research includes experts, experts, experts and professors in the field of sports economics. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 16 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.89. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that the formulation of the sports economy development model in Kermanshah province includes: causal factors (the development of sports in society and the development of economic factors); contextual factors (privatization, legal-support requirements and readiness to acquire hosting); Intervening conditions (obstacles and challenges and environmental factors); strategies (economic development, research and development in sports economy and culture-building in sports) and finally consequences (economic-political and cultural-social). These categories themselves include 26 concepts of 91 agents or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude that for the development of the sports economy in Kermanshah province, it should be focused on the categories extracted from this research, so that the officials and planners of the sports economy of the province can understand the needs, priorities and requirements of development. Identify the sports economy and according to the known indicators, take suitable and appropriate measures in this direction so that they can ultimately help the development of the sports economy in the province  

   پژوهش حاضر با هدف تأثير تصوير برند رويدادهاي ورزشي بر توصيه شركت كنندگان آن انجام شد. روش اين پژوهش، توصيفي و از نوع مطالعات همبستگي مي‌باشد. جامعه آماري پژوهش را كليه‌ي جامعه آماري اين پژوهش تمامي مخاطبان(تماشاگران) رويدادهاي ورزشي هستند. از آن جا كه تعداد جامعه قابل شمارش نيست و مقدار بالايي را به خود اختصاص مي‌دهد. لذا حجم نمونه بر اساس جامعه نامحدود مد نظر است. از آنجا كه تعداد جامعه مشخص نمي‌باشد از فرمول كوهن براي برآورد حجم نمونه اسفاده شد. تعداد 385 پرسشنامه به طور صحيح بازگشت خورد و در تجزيه و تحليل‌ها از آن‌ها استفاده شد. اين پرسشنامه‌ها به دليل شيوع ويروس كرونا به صورت مجازي توزيع شد. پرسشنامه‌هاي تحقيق بر گرفته از پژوهش كولاس و همكاران (2020) مي‌باشد. اين پرسشنامه شامل 15 سؤال است كه در قالب 5 مؤلفه دسته بندي شده است و در طيف 5 گزينه ليكرت متغيرهاي تحقيق را مورد سنجش قرار مي‌دهد. روايي صوري و محتوايي با استفاده از نظر 8 نفر از اساتيد مديريت ورزشي تأييد شد. روايي سازه با استفاده از آزمون تحليل عاملي تاييدي مورد تأييد قرار گرفت و پايايي متغيرها توسط آزمون آلفاي كرونباخ مورد تأييد قرار گرفت. در اين تحقيق جهت تجزيه وتحليل داده‌ها از دو روش آمار توصيفي وآمار استنباطي استفاده شد. از نرم افزارهاي    و LISREL جهت ارائه مدل استفاده شد. بر اساس يافته‌ها مؤلفه‌هاي تصوير برند (تجانس، تعهد و اعتماد)، بر توصيه شركت كنندگان است. همچنين ضريب معناداري نشان مي‌دهد كه شاخص‌ها بيشتر از مقدار 96/1 است و مي‌توان نتيجه گرفت كه مؤلفه‌هاي تصوير برند تأثير مثبت و معناداري بر توصيه كنندگان دارد. لذا بايد اقداماتي نظير تصويرسازي مثبت برند در ذهن طرفداران و مشتريان ايجاد كرد كه از اين طريق برند را تبليغ نمايند و موجب رشد برند شوند.

Corruption is a very pervasive issue that has affected the entire world as a major threat.   The present study aims to investigating and analyzing the various challenges facing the media in the fight against corruption in the country's sports. The method of this research was practical in terms of purpose, in terms of qualitative approach and in terms of method, field and using interview tool. The statistical population was all journalists who reported on corruption, which was selected by the theoretical sampling method of 15 journalists, as the study sample, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. After conducting 15 interviews, gradually special concepts were identified in the participants' point of view. the data obtained qualitatively and using the coding method of analysis and their views and opinions about the various challenges facing the media in the fight against corruption in 4 main themes and 10 main categories and on They were categorized based on their importance. The findings from the implementation and analysis of the interviews using the coding method show things like; Challenges related to media independence in sports corruption reporting (with three categories), challenges related to work motivation (with two categories), challenges related to interests and conflict (with two categories) and challenges related to media support. have been of great importance in the sports corruption report (with three categories).

   Today, sports and physical activity are considered as the main key to people's health and the development of society. But sometimes the emergence of some challenges and obstacles may have a negative effect on it, based on this, the present research was conducted with the aim of using the opinion of experts in identifying the challenges and obstacles of sports in Kermanshah. The current applied research was a qualitative study with a descriptive-survey implementation. In terms of data collection, it was a field using semi-structured interviews. 15 experts entered the research in a snowball method (until reaching theoretical saturation) from among academic staffs of universities, prominent athletes and experts in the field of sports in Kermanshah. After coding the categories, a total of 113 concepts were identified, whose components in causal terms include: cultural (6 cases), social (3 cases), managerial and technical (5 cases), and economic (4 cases). , in contextual conditions including: cultural (9 cases), managerial and technical (3 cases), economic (3 cases) and legal (2 cases), in intervening conditions including: cultural (9 cases), managerial and technical (6 cases), economic (3 cases), and legal (2 cases), in strategies include: including: cultural (7 cases), educational (4 cases), managerial and technical (7 cases), economic (5 cases) case), media (4 cases), legal and legal (5 cases) and facility facilities (5 cases) and finally in the consequences including: cultural-social (8 cases), economic (3 cases) and healthy lifestyle (5 cases). Based on the current findings, there are certain challenges and obstacles in the sports of Kermanshah according to the opinion of experts, which should be resolved in order to develop sports in Kermanshah. Therefore, it is recommended that the policy makers of Kermanshah look at these challenges and strategies resulting from the current research as a guide and use them to increase the tendency towards sports and its growth and development. Keywords: Development, Cultural Challenge, Cultural Barriers, Culture, Sports.

  One of the topics in the sociology of sports is recognizing the reasons for withdrawing from sports activities, and since in Iran, most research has been done on barriers to participation in sports activities and research on withdrawal or withdrawal. Therefore, there is no need to provide a model of factors affecting the withdrawal from martial arts activities that are consistent with the ideas and views of Iranian society and meet many needs. There are sports managers in the planning. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt was made to respond to this need in several stages. The best method for conducting this research in terms of design was a combination of research designs that were done in two parts: qualitative and quantitative and consecutively.In the first stage, the concepts and definitions of withdrawal from sports and the background of the research were examined. In the second stage, during a qualitative study, the factors affecting the withdrawal from martial arts activities were identified to be used to design a questionnaire. In the third stage, according to the identified factors, during a quantitative study, the pattern of factors affecting the withdrawal from martial arts was drawn and the obtained factors were prioritized. The results of this study can provide a complete basis for the reasons for leaving martial arts

  The aim of this study was to explain the model of indicators affecting the trust of sports brands. The method of this research was performed in the field. The statistical population of this study is all buyers of Iranian sports brands. Sampling method is available that is selected from customers of sports brands in cyberspace. Since the number of population can not be counted and has a high value, so the sample size is considered based on unlimited population. Quality of service through Han et al. (2015) questionnaire, brand impact through Holbrooke and Chaudhory questionnaire (2001), self-compliance through Han et al. (2015) questionnaire, Han et al. Brand awareness (2015), brand communication through questionnaire Irwin and Satan (2001), brand reputation was assessed through the Moutinho and Waltson (2009) questionnaire, and brand trust was assessed through the Delgado and Ballister (2004) questionnaire. In this study, two methods of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The software used is    and LISREL. Based on the findings, service quality, brand effect, self-consistency, brand awareness, brand communication and brand reputation have a positive and significant effect on the trust of sports brands. Based on this, programs such as focusing on human resources, social proof by providing value, increasing awareness about new products and resources, identifying the target group and selling values, creating a strong brand identity and strategy, using podcasts and newsletters are suggested. , Interact with customers to be considered.

  Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of internal communication and emotional culture on organizational identity in the Department of Sports and Youth in the west of the country. The method of this research is descriptive and correlational studies. The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees of the Department of Sports and Youth of the West (Kermanshah, Ilam, Sanandaj, Lorestan) (4900 people). Due to the impossibility of access to all members, through random-stratified sampling, the desired number has been selected as a sample. Morgan table (357 people) is used to determine the sample size. Out of this number, 335 questionnaires were returned correctly and were used in the analysis. These questionnaires were distributed virtually due to the prevalence of coronavirus. Research questionnaires are taken from the research of Yu et al. (2020). Thus, 6 questions are related to organizational identity, 4 questions are related to emotional culture and 8 questions are related to internal communication. Formal and content validity was confirmed using the opinions of 8 professors of sports management. The validity of the construct was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability of the variables was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. In this research, two methods of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. In the descriptive statistics section (mean, standard deviation, tables, etc.) and    and LISREL software were used to present the model. According to the findings of the above table, internal communication is 0.27 effective on organizational identity and emotional culture is 0.61 effective on organizational identity. Also, the coefficient of significance shows that the indicators are greater than the value of 1.96 and it can be concluded that both variables have a positive and significant effect on organizational identity. Therefore, it is suggested that internal communication and emotional culture in the organization be improved. Keywords: Internal communication, emotional culture, organizational identity, sports and youth

  Investigating the effect of Extended Technology Acceptance Model developed on the use of online education during the covid-19 in Physical Education students

in all human societies, and the corona virus and home quarantine, which lasted for two years, have led to the spread of inactivity. The aim of this study was to identify strategies to encourage exercise and physical activity at home in the Covid-19 pandemic among the community: A study of Kermanshah province which was conducted in two parts: In the first part of the study, in an interview The semi-structured was given to a group of sports experts and in the second part, the identified items were given to people living in Kermanshah province in the form of a questionnaire

  the effect of interaction in instagram on profssional athlees brandimage with the moderator role of the variables relationship quality,authenticity and atteachment

consequence of women's football becoming a brand.   

  Considering the

  Review Adventurous tourism is a kind of tourism that has a somewhat accompanied risk and has a special physical activity and skills in it, the nature is a person to challenge and strive to take the effort. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of tourism based on adventure sports Is Kermanshah. Research in terms of nature is an exploratory and applied research and is also used in qualitative study phase of the grounded theory. The population of this study was 14 experts and experts in the field of sport tourism, using qualitative method and snowball and theoretical saturation index was used to sample of the research community. Data collection tool was a library study and a deep interview. In the present study, the method of agreement within the subject to calculate the reliability of the interviews has been used that the reliability between the two Kdgozar was determined using the formula, 76%. In the data analysis phase, after reviewing and library studies as well as data coding in qualitative, open and axial coding were performed. In this research, territorial and regional factors, as causal conditions, laws and regulations, human resource training as the underlying conditions, management factors, support and informing as confounding conditions, investment, training and advertising, tourism management as a strategy to control, The management and response to the phenomenon are adopted, are considered. Also, in this theory, economic, social, cultural categories are considered as consequences and outcome. The results of this study showed that Kermanshah Province has high natural potentials for tourism adventurous sports, but in the sub-manufacturing sector are deficient. It also showed that the development of adventure tourism in the province has positive and influential consequences. Key words: Adventure tourism, qualitative research, feasibility study, Kermanshah, sport

   Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of strategic leadership on performance improvement with emphasis on the mediating role of organizational learning. The descriptive-survey research method and the statistical population of this study consisted of all employees of the General Directorate of Sport and Youth Affairs of the three provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Hamadan (250 people). According to Krejcie and Morgan (1970), the sample size was 150 individuals. Data were collected using standard questionnaires of strategic leadership of Lear (2012), Kaplan & Norton (2001) organizational performance questionnaires and Gomez et al. (2005) organizational learning capability assessment. Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests were used to test the research hypotheses. Finally, the research model was validated using SMART PLS software. The results showed that strategic leadership directly affects the organizational performance of employees and indirectly through organizational learning on the organizational performance of employees. It can be concluded that managers of sport organizations can provide the ground for enhancing organizational learning among employees by providing essential attention to organizational learning factors and using strategic leadership style in the organization and thus improve organizational performance.

  AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sport event innovation on consumer behavior using structural equation modeling. At first, dimensions and themes related to sport event innovation and consumer behavior were identified and then relationships between variables were identified. Two questionnaires were used for data collection. The first questionnaire is related to sport event innovation and consists of 7 dimensions and 36 questions. The second questionnaire is related to consumer behavior and includes 3 dimensions and 11 questions. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to calculate reliability and the reliability of both questionnaires was evaluated as desirable. The statistical population of the study consisted of all athletic students of Razi University with 280 students and 280 questionnaires distributed among the respondents. Structural equation modeling technique was used to analyze the data and determine the relationships between variables. Data were analyzed using    and LISREL statistical software. According to the analysis of the research hypotheses, the results confirm all the research hypotheses.Keywords: Innovation, Behavioral Intentions, Brand Equity, Customer Satisfaction, Sporting Event

چكيده اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي و واكاوي تأثير ويژگي­هاي كالبدي حسِ مكان بر بازگشت مجدد مشتريان به استخرهاي ورزشي انجام شده است. در حال حاضر يكي از كاستي­هاي معماري استخرهاي ورزشي، عدم قابليت و توانايي براي ايجاد پيوندي عميق ميان فضا و مشتريان مي­باشد. مفهومي كه به عنوان حسِ تعلق به مكان از آن نام مي­برند. امروزه ابعاد محيطي حسِ مكان در استخرهاي ورزشي مورد توجه قرار گرفته­است و سبب ايجاد پيوندي عميق بين مشتريان و فضاي ورزشي مي­شود. اين پژوهش به لحاظ استفاده و هدف كاربردي، از نظر ماهيت توصيفي اكتشافي و از نوع پژوهش­هاي كمي است. در جمع آوري داده رويكرد و فرآيند پيمايشي بر پژوهش حاكم بوده و ابزار اصلي گردآوري داده­ها پرسشنامه است. جامعه آماري شامل مشتريان استخرهاي ورزشي سرپوشيده شهرستان كرمانشاه است و از روش نمونه­گيري تصادفي ساده استفاده شده است. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول ُككران 370 نفر برآورد و از آزمون كشيدگي و چولگي جهت بررسي نرمال­بودن داده­ها و براي آزمون فرضيه­ها و مجموعه روابط علت و معلولي بين متغيرها و مؤلفه­ هاي مورد بررسي از تحليل عامل تأييدي و مدل سازي معادلات ساختاري با نرم­افزار   22   و Amos24   استفاده شده است. يافته­هاي اين پژوهش نشان مي­دهد كه متغيرهاي رنگ، نور، اندازه مكان، هارموني و تناسب و صدا با بازگشت مجدد مشتريان به استخرهاي ورزشي به عنوان عناصر حسِ تعلق به مكان رابطه معناداري دارند.    واژه­هاي كليدي: حسِ مكان، مشتريان استخر، هارموني، رنگ، نور  

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the excitement and satisfaction of participants in adventure sports. The research method is a descriptive and correlational study which is applied in the category of applied research and performed in the form of a field.The statistical population of this study was the participants in adventure sport .

  The aim of this research was to explain the relationship between human resources strategies, and strategic human capital with organizational performance among experts of the Ministry of Sports and Youth of Iran. The research method is descriptive-survey and statistical population of this research consisted of all experts of the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Iran (400). In a simple random sampling method, 196 people were selected as the sample, Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Data was collected from three Bambergger and M?hlm human resources questionnaires (2000), Tulles strategic human capital (2006) and Ahmadi organizational performance (2013). For data analysis, structural equation modeling and path analysis by LISREL software was used.The results of the research showed that there was a significant relationship between the human resources strategies and strategic human capital with organizational performance among experts of Ministry of Sports and Youth of Iran. Among the human resources strategies "multiple and paternal strategy" and among the strategic human capital components, "Human Capital Expansion and Organization Characteristics" had the most effect on organizational performance. Therefore, it is recommended to consider these components in increasing the organizational performance of the experts of the Ministry of Sports and Youth.

  The impact of relationship quality on behavioral responses customers in sports clubs Lorestan Province

The purpose of this study was to explain the model of effective factors on the development of environmental culture in sport. The present study was a   descriptive-survey research.The statistical population is consisted of the students of Razi University of Kermanshah. Based on the sample size of Krejci and Morgan samples, 384 students of Razi University have responded to the revised questionnaire of Boehmehrani and Razavi (1393) with a five-point scale Likert scale, which have formal and content validity. It was surveyed by the opinion of professors and experts related to the subject of research, and its reliability was reported using Cronbachs alpha of 0.78.To analyze the data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis method was used to identify the factors influencing the development of environmental culture in sport using    and Lisrel software.The results of the research indicated six factors including factors of education, research, management, structure, culture development and national strategies as factors influencing the development of environmental culture in sport and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed fit of the model.The findings showed that the factors of education, research, management, structure, culture, and national strategies have an impact on the development of environmental culture in sport. Therefore, to develop the environmental culture in sport, all this should be used and, by doing different work, developed the environment in sport.

The environment consists of everything that surrounds an organism, including natural elements as well as human beings. Like all other animal species that make up the global ecosystem, humans always interact with their environment and partly change that environment. However, humans are the only creatures that can have a significant impact on the ecosystem. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the environmental responsibilities involved in sports organizations. For this purpose, all employees of Sport Development and Maintenance Company were considered as a statistical society. Since the organizations total number of employees was 150, according to the number of pockets, the number of samples was considered equal to the community. The target sample was taken through non-random sampling. Based on the studies, no questionnaire was found. Therefore, based on theoretical foundations, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed in the form of three factors of environmental credibility, environmental expectations and environmental requirements. After verifying the validity of the questionnaire by 7 sports management professors and confirming the reliability of the questionnaire through Cronbachs alpha (0.81). After data collection, descriptive statistics (frequency tables, mean, standard deviation ...) and inferential statistics (Smyrom Kolmogorov, confirmatory factor and exploratory factor analysis) were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was performed using Amos and   -19 software. After the factor analysis, 8 questions were removed due to a yield less than 0.4. The measurement model and research model were designed based on 18 standard questions. In the tests, the level of P <0.05 was considered significant. The results indicate that environmental responsibility has a significant effect on the two variables of environmental expectations and environmental validity but does not have a significant effect on environmental requirements.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of transformational leadership on organizational entrepreneurship among experts of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, considering the role of mediator of political intelligence. The methodology of this research is descriptive and correlational according to the nature of the subject and the desired goals. The statistical population of the study consisted of all experts of the Ministry of Sport and Youth of the Islamic Republic of Iran, numbering 400 people. Using a sample size chart of Grejsi and Morgan sample, 196 people were selected by simple random sampling. The data of this study were conducted through the Transformation Questionnaire of Aurovin Aulivos Bes (1995) with validity and reliability of 0.74 and 0.66, Dowryar et al. (1394), Validity and Reliability Questionnaire (0.71, 0.63) and Kevin and Sliven (1982) Organizational Entrepreneurship Questionnaire Validity and reliability were 0.77, 71 and data analysis was performed by   23 software. The method used to test the hypotheses of the research is Pearson correlation coefficient. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05. Research findings show that there is a meaningful positive relationship between transformational leadership with organizational entrepreneurship and political intelligence, and between political intelligence and organizational entrepreneurship.  

  The Impact of Organizational Identity and Organizational Culture On OrganizationalImage of Sport and Youth Office of Tehran

Abstract   The purpose of this study is the examination of emergencies and barriors of   using mediation process in sport. This study is the kind of partical research in terms of the results and gool, and also is a field research. The population of the study is considered to be the people who sport activities and also those who are ingaged in law especially the lawyers. The population of the study was gathered through snowball method. In order to collect data a self-made questionnaire was used. Its validity was confirmed by sport-teachers of Razi university of Kermanshah and its variables reliability was calculated by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. In order to analize the data the descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Frequency, percentage, average and standard deviation were used to describe the data. Because the gool of the study, the chi-square test and Freedman’s Regression test were used in order to analize the data and to examin its hypotheses. The analysis of the data was done using the   -19 software. The results showed that among the necessities and barriors of using mediation process, those involved in the sport inadequate familiarity with the basics of contracts, maintaining friendly relations after mediation process and preventing enmity, the possibility of a quicksettlement of sport disputations, and reducing litigation costs of the hearing process were of the most importance comparing the others. Mediatino is supposed to be one of non-court methods of solving the sport disputation. During the years 1999-2007 mediation in sport has saved 9 billion dollars in the united states and 84 percent of people was fully satisfied because of using the mediation in sport disputations. Mediation is the most important basis of restorative justics. In restorative justics the process of hearing which is in court form and it is often occurred between an attorney and an accused changes its form. And disputation is solved through face to face contact of the disputation sides and the guidance of the mediator.Key words: restorative justice, mediation process, sports disputes