Introduction and Objective:Blastocystis is one of the common parasites of the gastrointestinal tract in humans as well as in domestic and wild animals, with a wide geographical distribution worldwide. Due to its high prevalence and its potential role in gastrointestinal disorders, this parasite has always attracted the attention of researchers. Studies have shown that Blastocystis is capable of infecting a variety of hosts, raising the possibility of transmission between humans and animals. Epidemiological investigations indicate that domestic animals may serve as potential reservoirs for this parasite, although their exact role in transmission to humans has not yet been fully clarified. Kermanshah Province, due to extensive livestock activities and close contact between humans and domestic animals, provides favorable conditions for the dissemination of intestinal parasites. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Blastocystis infection in domestic livestock in this province, aiming to provide baseline.    Materials and Methods: In this study, 410 fecal samples from four livestock species including horses (81 samples), cattle (125 samples), sheep (121 samples) and goats (83 samples) were randomly collected from livestock farms and livestock centers in different cities of Kermanshah province. The samples were obtained fresh and directly by rectal swab in cattle and horses and by anal stimulation in sheep and goats and placed in sterile containers containing an appropriate preservative solution (70% alcohol). After collection, the samples were stored at 4°C and tra  orted to the laboratory as soon as possible. In order to initially investigate the infection with Blastocystis parasite, all samples were subjected to microscopic examination using the wet spread method and Lugel staining and flotation by the Clayton Lane method. The samples were observed using a light microscope at ×100 and ×400 magnifications and the results were recorded accurately. DNA extraction from the studied samples was performed using a kit and in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Molecular identification of Blastocystis parasite was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and general primers specific to this parasite based on the SSU rRNA gene including RD5 and BhRDr. Finally, statistical analysis of the data was performed and a statistical significance level of less than 0.05 was considered.    Results: According to the results, the overall prevalence of infection in the microscopic method was reported as 38 cases (9.2%); the highest prevalence was observed in cattle (13.6%) and the lowest in horses (1.2%). The infection rate in sheep was 9% and in goats was 10.8%. By gender, the infection rate in males was 6.8% and in females was 11.3%. Based on age group, animals less than 2 years old were reported to be infected by 1.8% and over 2 years old by 10.3%. In the molecular method, a total of 38 samples (9.2%) were detected positive. The highest prevalence was observed in cattle (12.8%), followed by sheep (10.7%) and goats (10.8%), while no positive cases were detected in horses, which were not statistically significantly different from the microscopic method. By gender, the prevalence of parasites in males was 6.8% and females were 11.3%. Based on age group, the prevalence of parasites in animals under 2 years old was 7.6% and over 2 years old was 10.8%. There was no statistically significant difference between the two methods in terms of gender and age. Random examination of 20 negative morphological samples by molecular method led to the identification of 3 positive cases, indicating a higher sensitivity of the molecular method compared to the microscopic method.   

  استفاده وسيع از داروهاي شيميدرماني در درمان انواع سرطانها منجر به ايجاد سميت در ارگانهاي مختلف از جمله كليه ميشود. دوكسوروبيسين از جمله اين داروهاست كه سميت كليوي آن به اثبات رسيدهاست. از آنجايي كه سيرينجيك اسيد، يك آنتياكسيدان معروف و از دسته فنوليكاسيدها ميباشد، در اين مطالعه بر آن شديم تا اثرات محافظتي احتمالي سيرينجيك اسيد بر سميت كليوي ناشي از دوكسوروبيسين را مورد بررسي قرار دهيم. در اين مطالعه از 35 سر موش صحرايي ويستار نر استفاده خواهد شد. حيوانات به صورت تصادفي به 5 گروه تقسيم شده و به مدت 14 روز بهصورت ذيل تحت تيمار بهروش خوراكي قرار ميگيرند: كنترل منفي )سرم فيزيولوژي(، كنترل مثبت )سرم فيزيولوژِي(، كنترل مقايسهاي )ويتامين C )و تيمار 1 و 2 )سيرينجيك اسيد با دوزهاي 50 و 100 ميليگرم بر كيلوگرم(. ضمنا تمامي گروهها بهجز كنترل منفي در روز 11م دوكسوروبيسين درونصفاقي دريافت خواهند كرد. پس از اتمام دوره درمان، حيوانات به مدت 24 ساعت پرهيز غذايي دادهشده و روز 15م آسانكشي شده و از كليهآنها جهت آزمونهاي هيستوپاتولوژي، ايمونوهيستوشيمي )سنجش شاخصهاي مربوط به آپوپتوز شامل -3Caspase و 2BCl )و بيوشيميايي )سنجش شاخصهاي استرس اكسيداتيو شامل مالون دي آلدهيد، سوپراكسيد ديسموتاز و ظرفيت آنتي اكسيداني تام( نمونهگيري خواهد شد.

AbstractMolecular investigation of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in raw milk of sheep and goat herds in Kermanshah province. Introduction: Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) is one of the common pathogens between humans and animals that can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, including diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The main reservoir of these pathogenic strains are ruminants, especially cows, and raw milk is one of the main sources of infection. Currently, the resistance of these bacteria to common antibiotics, especially third-generation cephalosporin, is increasing due to the production of broad-spectrum beta-lactamase enzyme, and subsequently, it has caused many treatment problems in the world. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of VTEC and their antibiotic resistance genes in raw milk of sheep and goat herds in Kermanshah province. Methods: A total of 118 sheep and goat raw milk samples were collected. After DNA extraction, the samples were subjected to PCR reaction to identify UsPA, uidA, Stx1 and Stx2 genes. Samples containing uidA and UsPA genes are E. coli positive samples and samples containing Stx1 and/or Stx2 genes in addition to the two mentioned genes are considered to contain VTEC and in order to identify the antibiotic resistance genes belaTEM, belaSHV and belaCTX M by PCR. Were examined. Results: In the results of this study, a total of 32 samples out of 118 milk samples (27.1%) contained uidA and UsPA genes and were considered as E.coli. All 32 E.coli positive samples also contained the Stx1 gene and were considered VTEC. No cases of Stx2 gene were found. The prevalence of belaSHV and belaCTX M antibiotic resistance genes among the positive E.coli samples was 90.6% and 56.2%, respectively. No samples containing the belaTEM gene were found. Conclusion: The prevalence of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the present study was 27.1%. According to the findings of the present study, the prevalence of VTEC strain in raw milk, which is one of the important sources of food in our country and other regions, is high, which raises many concerns about the transmission of this bacterium and its associated diseases in humans. On the other hand, the amount of antibiotic resistance of these microorganisms is increasing, which is also one of the most serious problems in the field of public health all over the world. These results indicate the need to examine raw milk and its products in the country and to strictly control this food source in terms of hygiene and non-contamination of samples. Key words: Escherichia coli, virulence genes, resistance genes   

انتريت پاروويروس سگ (CPV) يكي از علل مهم مرگ‌ومير در توله‌سگ‌ها علي‌رغم درمان تهاجمي است. يكي از مكان‌هاي حمله ويروس، مغز استخوان بوده و باعث تخريب مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي و متعاقب آن ايجاد نوتروپني و كاهش سطح ايمني مي‌شود. استفاده از سايتوكاين‌هاي تحريك‌كننده مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي يكي از راه‌هاي جبران نوتروپني متعاقب درگيري با پاروويروس است. فيلگراستيم به‌عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين فاكتورهاي تحريك‌كننده كلني گرانولوسيتي شناخته شده كه باعث بلوغ، تكثير و تمايز نوتروفيل‌ها در مغز استخوان و همچنين افزايش نوتروفيل‌هاي در گردش مي‌گردد. از طرفي در التهابات، توليد ROS افزايش‌يافته و عدم تعادل بين راديكال‌هاي آزاد و سيستم آنتي‌اكسيداني باعث افزايش توليد گيرنده‌هاي G-CSF مي‌شود. انجام مطالعه براي روشن‌تر شدن اثرات استفاده از آن در شرايط بيماري واقعي ضروري به نظر مي‌رسيد. به همين منظور 20 قلاده سگ مبتلا به انتريت پاروويروسي و نوتروپني شديد پس از تشخيص اوليه به دو گروه تقسيم شدند. يكي از گروه‌ها (تعداد 10 سگ) تزريق زير جلدي 10 ميكروگرم در كيلوگرم وزن بدن فيلگراستيم هر 24 ساعت داشت و گروه ديگر هم حجم آن آب مقطر به‌صورت زير جلدي دريافت كردند. در اين مطالعه تغييرات تعداد كل لكوسيت‌ها (TLC)، تعداد نوتروفيل‌ها، تغييرات پارامترهاي خوني و غلظت آلبومين، كورتيزول و پروتئين واكنشي C   (CRP) به‌عنوان فاكتورهاي پيش بيني بقا و نشانگرهاي استرس اكسيداتيو كه شامل، انديس استرس اكسيداتيو (OSI)، مالون‌دي آلدهيد (MDA) به‌عنوان شاخص پراكسيداسيون چربي، سوپراكسيدديسموتاز و فعاليت آنزيم ميلوپراكسيداز در سرم حيوانات موردمطالعه هر 24 ساعت به مدت 5 روز مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت همچنين بررسي ارتباط بين نشانگرها همچنين اثر آن‌ها بر روي روند درمان بيماران موردمطالعه قرار گرفت. انتريت پاروويروس سگ (CPV) يكي از علل مهم مرگ‌ومير در توله‌سگ‌ها علي‌رغم درمان تهاجمي است. يكي از مكان‌هاي حمله ويروس، مغز استخوان بوده و باعث تخريب مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي و متعاقب آن ايجاد نوتروپني و كاهش سطح ايمني مي‌شود. استفاده از سايتوكاين‌هاي تحريك‌كننده مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي يكي از راه‌هاي جبران نوتروپني متعاقب درگيري با پاروويروس است. فيلگراستيم به‌عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين فاكتورهاي تحريك‌كننده كلني گرانولوسيتي شناخته شده كه باعث بلوغ، تكثير و تمايز نوتروفيل‌ها در مغز استخوان و همچنين افزايش نوتروفيل‌هاي در گردش مي‌گردد. از طرفي در التهابات، توليد ROS افزايش‌يافته و عدم تعادل بين راديكال‌هاي آزاد و سيستم آنتي‌اكسيداني باعث افزايش توليد گيرنده‌هاي G-CSF مي‌شود. انجام مطالعه براي روشن‌تر شدن اثرات استفاده از آن در شرايط بيماري واقعي ضروري به نظر مي‌رسيد. به همين منظور 20 قلاده سگ مبتلا به انتريت پاروويروسي و نوتروپني شديد پس از تشخيص اوليه به دو گروه تقسيم شدند. يكي از گروه‌ها (تعداد 10 سگ) تزريق زير جلدي 10 ميكروگرم در كيلوگرم وزن بدن فيلگراستيم هر 24 ساعت داشت و گروه ديگر هم حجم آن آب مقطر به‌صورت زير جلدي دريافت كردند. در اين مطالعه تغييرات تعداد كل لكوسيت‌ها (TLC)، تعداد نوتروفيل‌ها، تغييرات پارامترهاي خوني و غلظت آلبومين، كورتيزول و پروتئين واكنشي C   (CRP) به‌عنوان فاكتورهاي پيش بيني بقا و نشانگرهاي استرس اكسيداتيو كه شامل، انديس استرس اكسيداتيو (OSI)، مالون‌دي آلدهيد (MDA) به‌عنوان شاخص پراكسيداسيون چربي، سوپراكسيدديسموتاز و فعاليت آنزيم ميلوپراكسيداز در سرم حيوانات موردمطالعه هر 24 ساعت به مدت 5 روز مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت همچنين بررسي ارتباط بين نشانگرها همچنين اثر آن‌ها بر روي روند درمان بيماران موردمطالعه قرار گرفت.

improvement and conservation of small ruminant species of interest.  

 ADDIN  ADDIN  ADDIN  ADDIN  ADDIN   Abstract    Parvovirus in canids is one of the significant factors contributing to the mortality of puppies, especially from 6 weeks to 6 months of age, with a high prevalence. This virus is the most common cause of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis among the canine population. Since the initial appearance of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2) on a global scale in 1978, this virus has undergone rapid evolution and mutation over a short period of time. Consequently, the original CPV-2 strain was replaced in the early 1980s by newly emerging strains known as CPV-2a and CPV-2b. Recently, a third antigenic subtype, CPV-2c, has emerged in several countries, including Iran. As molecular studies on common strains have not been conducted in Kermanshah city, this study aimed to identify prevalent virus strains among 60 referred dogs to veterinary clinics in Kermanshah city. Additionally, clinical signs and patient profiles were examined and compared based on the infecting strain. Pathological examinations were also conducted on deceased puppies to assess the pathogenicity of the strains and compare their severity. The ARMS-PCR method was utilized to determine the Canine Parvovirus strains in this study. Based on the results obtained from the ARMS-PCR assay conducted on 60 sampled dogs, 56 samples tested positive for Canine Parvovirus. Among these, 2 samples (%3) were infected with CPV-2a, 29 samples (%52) with CPV-2b, and 25 samples (%45) with CPV-2c. This study did not find a significant correlation between the infecting strain and the occurrence of specific clinical symptoms. However, a significant  association was observed between the lack of vaccination and an increase in mortality rates among Canine Parvovirus-infected individuals (P<0.05). Furthermore, cases of vaccine failure and dogs infection with this disease caused by the CPV-2c strain have been observed in dogs over one year old with complete vaccination The microscopic findings demonstrated the presence of fibrinonecrotic enteritis and myocarditis in deceased animals, along with the existence of intranuclear inclusions indicating the presence of the virus in infected cells