Abstract

كارايي ضعيف توليد مثلي در گاوهاي شيري همچنان يك نگراني عمده براي صنعت دام شيري در سراسر جهان است. در چند دهه‌ي اخير، انتخاب ژنتيكي براي توليد شير با كاهش كارايي توليد مثلي همراه بوده است. تلاش‌هاي تحقيقي زيادي به منظور ابداع فناوري‌هايي جهت القاءِ تخمك‌گذاري همزمان براي تلقيح در زمان معين (TAI) در گاوهاي گوشتي و شيري انجام شده است. پروتكل Ovsynch، كه شامل دو تجويز هورمون آزادكننده­ي گنادوتروپين (GnRH) به فاصله­ي 9 روز، تجويز پروستاگلاندين F2? (PGF2?) هفت روز پس از GnRH اول، و انجام تلقيح 18-16 ساعت پس از تجويز GnRH دوم (GnRH2) است، برنامه­هاي توليد مثلي را مؤثرتر ساخته است. با اين حال، نرخ ضعيف تخمك­گذاري در پاسخ به GnRH2 ممكن است منجر به نرخ­هاي آبستني پايين شود. پژوهش­هاي زيادي جهت بهبود نرخ تخمك­گذاري با جايگزين كردن GnRH2 از جمله با گنادوتروپين كوريونيك انساني (hCG) كه مؤثرتر از GnRH در تحريك تخمك‌گذاري در گاوهاي شيري است انجام شده است. با اين حال گزارش شده است كه اين جايگزيني نرخ‌هاي تخمك‌گذاري و آبستني را افزايش نداد، بنابراين hCG يك جايگزين مناسب براي GnRH2 نيست. ما فرض كرديم كه درصد گاوهايي كه در پاسخ به GnRH2 تخمك­گذاري مي­كنند با تجويز همزمان hCG افزايش مي­يابد. بنابراين در مطالعه­ي حاضر اثر تجويز همزمان hCG و GnRH2 در مقايسه با تجويز جداگانه­ي هر يك از آنها بر عملكرد توليد مثلي گاوهاي هلشتاين شيرده مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. در اين مطالعه 62 رأس گاو بين زايش­هاي دوم و پنجم كه در روزهاي 5 ± 50 پس از زايش خود بودند به­طور تصادفي به سه گروه GPG (Ovsynch)، GPH (مانند گروه GPG ولي تجويز hCG به­جاي GnRH2) و GPG-H (مانند گروه GPG ولي تجويز hCG همزمان با GnRH2) تقسيم و 18-16 ساعت بعد از آخرين تزريق تلقيح (TAI) شدند. دام­ها در روزهاي 1- (TAI = D 0) و 7 جهت تعيين نرخ تخمك­گذاري و در روزهاي 30 و 55 جهت تعيين نرخ­هاي گيرايي و آبستني به روش سونوگرافي معاينه شدند. نمونه­هاي خون از وريد وداج دام­ها در روزهاي صفر و 12 جهت سنجش غلظت­هاي پروژسترون خون اخذ گرديد.

   اين مطالعه به منظور درك هرچه بهتر ارتباط ميان يافته هاي باليني ، هيستوپاتولوژيك و بيان پروتئينهاي مرتبط با آپوپتوز(BCl-2,P53) در اندومتر سگهاي ارجاعي به كلينيكهاي سطح شهر كرمانشاه براي جراحي اوريوهيستركتومي طراحي شده است. مجموع 25 رحم خارج شده به روش جراحي انتخابي، از سگهاي ماده بين سنين 2 تا 12 سال، ابتدا مورد بررسي باليني و هيستوپاتولوژي از جهت وجود هيدرومتر، موكومتر، پايومتر و هيپرپلازي كيستي اندومترقرار گرفته و سپس ماركرهاي BCl-2و P53 با تكنيك ايمونوهيستوشيمي در بافت رحم لوكاليزه و رديابي ميشوند. از حيوانات انتخاب شده قبل از عمل جراحي نمونه خون گرفته شده و ميزان هورمونهاي استراديول ، پروژسترون و فاكتورهاي خوني حيوان ارزيابي ميشوند. مقادير اندازه‌گيري شده در نمونه‌هاي پاتولوژيك همچنين با مقادير اندازه‌گيري شده در نمونه‌هاي سالم از لحاظ باليني، هيستولوژي بافت رحم، ايمونوهيستوشيمي ماركرهاي مذكور و پارامترهاي خوني 5 قلاده سگ كه مورد اواريوهيستركتومي انتخابي قرار مي‌گيرند مقايسه خواهند شد.   

برنامه¬ي آوسينك، شامل دو تجويز هورمون آزادكننده¬ي گنادوتروپين (GnRH) به فاصله-ي 9 روز و تجويز پروستاگلاندين F2? (PGF2?) هفت روز بعد از تجويز GnRH نخست (GnRH1) و انجام تلقيح (TAI) 16-18 ساعت پس از تجويز GnRH2، برنامه¬هاي توليد مثلي را مؤثرتر ساخته است. با اين حال، عدم تخمك¬گذاري در پاسخ به GnRH1 ممكن است منجر به نرخ¬هاي آبستني پايين بخاطر تخمك¬گذاري غير همزمان پس از تجويز GnRH2 شود. پژوهش¬ها نشان داده¬اند كه گنادوتروپين كوريونيك انساني (hCG) مؤثرتر از GnRH در تحريك تخمك‌گذاري در گاوهاي شيري است. با اين حال گزارش شده است كه آغاز كردن پروتكل Ovsynch با hCG نرخ‌هاي تخمك‌گذاري و آبستني را در گاوهاي شيري شيرده افزايش نداد. بنابراين، hCG يك جايگزين مناسب براي GnRH1 نيست. ما فرض كرديم كه درصد گاوهايي كه در پاسخ به GnRH1 تخمك¬گذاري مي-كنند با تجويز همزمان hCG افزايش مي¬يابد. بنابراين در اين مطالعه اثر تجويز همزمان hCG و GnRH1 در مقايسه با تجويز جداگانه¬ي هر يك از آنها بر عملكرد توليد مثلي گاوهاي هلشتاين شيرده مورد بررسي قرار مي¬گيرد. در اين مطالعه 60 رأس گاو بين زايش¬هاي دوم و پنجم كه در روزهاي 3 ± 50 پس از زايش قرار دارند به¬طور تصادفي در گروه¬هاي Ovsynch، hCG (مانند گروه Ovsynch ولي تجويز hCG به¬جاي GnRH1) و GnRH1 + hCG تقسيم و 18-16 ساعت بعد از آخرين تزريق مورد تلقيح قرار گرفتند. گاوها در روزهاي 10-، 3-، 1-، صفر و 1 (TAI = day 0) جهت تعيين نرخ تخمك¬گذاري و در روزهاي 2 ± 30 جهت تعيين نرخ آبستني به روش سونوگرافي معاينه شدند. همچنين جهت سنجش غلظت¬هاي پروژسترون، از وريد وداج همه¬ي دام¬ها نمونه¬هاي خون در روزهاي 10-، 3-، 0، و 12 مطالعه اخذ گرديد. نتايج مطالعه‌ي حاضر نشان داد كه تجويز hCG همراه با GnRH نخست برنامه¬ي آوسينك در گاوهاي شيري شيرده موجب افزايش معني¬دار نرخ¬هاي تخمك¬گذاري اول و دوم، ميانگين قطر فوليكول غالب موج جديد فوليكولي در روز 1- و نرخ آبستني در گاوهاي شيري شيرده نمي¬شود. يكي از محدوديت¬هاي مطالعه¬ي حاضر، تعداد پايين دام¬ها در گروه¬هاي مورد مطالعه بود. بنابراين مطالعات بيشتري با استفاده از تعداد بزرگتري از گاوها مي¬تواند نتايج دقيق¬تري را فراهم نمايد. لغات كليدي: آوسينك، تلقيح در زمان معين، گاو شيري، نرخ آبستني،   نرخ تخمك‌گذاري، هورمون گنادوتروپين كوريونيك انساني   

در سال هاي اخير، استفاده از بسته بندي هوشمند بر پايه فيلم هاي خوراكي يا زيست تخريب پذير مورد توجه بسياري از محققين قرار گرفته است. در اين نوع بسته بندي با تغيير رنگ فيلم مي تواند فساد وتازگي محصولات مختلف را مشخص نمود. بازهاي فرار كل كه از مواد غذايي پروتئيني در حين فساد توليد مي شوند مي توانند با مولكول هاي آب موجود در فيلم واكنش دهند، و به تبع آن موجب افزايش pH و تغيير رنگ شاخص هاي موجود در پليمر شوند. در اين تحقيق تعيين ويژگي هاي شيميايي، ساختاري و موفولوژي آئروژل هوشمند بر پايه صمغ عربي كربوكسي متيل سلولز حاوي كربن دات آنتوسيانين هاي مشتق از پوست نخود سياه و كاربرد آن در كنترل تازگي فيله مرغ بررسي خواهد گرديد.

  Canine parvoviral enteritis is a common and lethal viral disease in dogs, where rapid diagnosis and accurate prognosis are crucial for effective management and reducing mortality. This study investigates the use of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the blood of dogs affected by parvoviral enteritis. cfDNA, which is naturally present in the bloodstream, originates from dead and damaged cells, and its levels are typically elevated in inflammatory and infectious diseases. This biomarker, especially in conditions with significant tissue damage and inflammation, can serve as a sensitive indicator for assessing disease severity and predicting complications. In addition to cfDNA, ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) are well-known inflammatory biomarkers. Ferritin, which functions as an iron storage protein, is elevated in response to severe inflammation and systemic infections. On the other hand, CRP is a plasma protein that increases in response to inflammation in the body and can be useful for identifying active infections and evaluating their severity. In this study, 20 dogs diagnosed with parvoviral enteritis and severe neutropenia, following initial diagnosis and informed consent from their owners, will be enrolled. Standardized treatment, based on body weight and dosage, will be administered to these patients for five days during which blood samples will be collected. Samples will be taken on the first day before treatment begins, and subsequently on each of the following five days, to assess the changes in the targeted biomarkers and their correlations in evaluating treatment response and prognosis. This study aims to compare the predictive ability of cfDNA, ferritin, and CRP for disease severity and clinical outcomes in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. The findings of this research could serve as an effective diagnostic and prognostic tool to improve therapeutic and care strategies for this life-threatening disease in dogs

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  ermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are mature stem cells that have the ability to self-renew, differentiate and transfer genetics to the next generation. Due to the importance of these cells, recent medical and biological studies have focused on the process of their isolation, purification, diagnosis, cultivation and maintenance. For long-term preservation of cell stocks, freezing is the method of choice. Although freezing makes it possible to preserve cell reserves, it causes oxidative stress in cells.Curcumin is the effective substance of the yellow juba plant, which prevents the production of free radicals and damage to cells with its antioxidant properties. In order to preserve the reserves of spermatogonial cells, it is necessary to improve the freezing environment. The aim of the work is to investigate the effect of curcumin on the survival and quality of frozen testicular stem cells after thawing in order to improve the freezing environment in goats.

Spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs) as a mature stem cell have the ability of self-renewal, differentiationand genetic transfer to the next generation. For thisreason, the process of isolation, purification, diagnosis, cultivation andmaintenance of SSC has been the main subject of recent research in biology andmedicine. Freezing cells is a method of choice for long-term preservation ofcell reserves. But freezing induces oxidative damage to cells. Quercetin is aplant flavonoid and antioxidant that prevents the production of free radicalsand DNA damage. Considering the necessity of improving the freezing culture, inorder to preserve the spermatogonial cells, our goal is to investigate theeffect of quercetin on the survival and quality of the frozen testicular stemcells after thawing in order to improve the freezing environment in goats. Inthis test, 10 grams of testicular tissue collected in DMEM culture medium willbe divided into small pieces, after enzymatic digestion and centrifugation, thecell suspension will be passed through a nylon filter. Then they are incubatedin DMEM medium containing 1% fetal bovine serum for 72 hours at 38°C and afterseparating the suspended spermatogonial cells, the percentage of cell viabilityis evaluated. To freeze SSCs, basic freezingmedium with quercetin (5, 25 and 50 ?M) is used and the cells are frozen at 4°Cfor 2 hours and then at -80°C for 24 hours and finally are transferred to anitrogen tank. After melting, the percentage of survival rate in theexperimental groups is evaluated.  

improvement and conservation of small ruminant species of interest.  

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of administering GnRH or hCG at artificial insemination on the ovulation and pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows synchronized with the Ovsynch protocol together with progesterone. Forty sevenreproductively normal multiparous lactating dairy cows (parity 2 to 5) and 55 ± 1 days in milk received a controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) device intravaginally and 25 ?g GnRH (Alarelin acetate) intramuscularly (i.m.) at day 0. At day 7, The CIDR removed and all cows were immediately administered 500 ?g PGF2? (d-cloprostenol sodium) i.m. At day 9, all animals were administered another dose of GnRH i.m. and inseminated (TAI) with fozen-thawed semen 16-18 h later. Then the animals allocated randomly to the following groups: 1) hCG1650 (n=12): the animals received 1650 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) i.m. at TAI. 2) hCG3300 (n=12): the animals received 3300 IU hCG i.m. at TAI. 3) GnRH (n=11): the animals received 25 GnRH i.m. at TAI, and 4) CON(n=12): the animals received 5 mL sterile normal saline i.m. The ovaries of all animals scanned by ultrasound at days 9, 10 and 11 after the beginning of the protocol (day 0) to identify and record follicle(s) ?8 mm in diameter and the occurence of ovulation. Ovulation was defined as the disappearance (from one scanning session to the next) of a previously identified follicle ?8 mm in diameter. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by transrectal ultrasonography at 30 ± 1 and 60 ± 1 d post-TAI to determine conception and pregnancy rates, respectively. In order to assay serum progesterone concentrations, blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of all animals into 8-mL evacuated collection tubes without anticoagulant materials at days 0, 6 and 12 after TAI, and tra  orted to the laboratory. The results demonstrated no significant difference in the mean progesterone concentrations at days 0, 6 and 12 after TAI, and also in ovulation, conception and pregnancy rates to the first insemination among the groups, although administration of gonadotropins resulted in numerical improvement of conception and pregnancy rates by 16.7-41% compared to saline. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that administering GnRH or hCG, regardless of being low or high dose, at TAI resuled in a non-significant and acceptable improvement of conception and preg  

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   Abstract Objective: Propofol and ketamine-diazepam are two of the most widely used protocols for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) in dogs. Anesthesia and surgery disrupt the balance between antioxidants and free radicals produced by the body, which can cause oxidative stress. Therefore, choosing appropriate anesthesia protocol in order to improve the treatment and health of the patient, have particular importance. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the serum oxidative stress markers of these two anesthesia protocols for ovariohysterectomy (OHE) in female dogs to choose a better TIVA regimen.   Method: Ten female mixed-breed, approximately 1.5-year-old dogs were randomly divided into two equal groups (5 dogs in each group). In group 1 (g1) ketamine (5 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.25 mg/kg) were used for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia. In group 2 (g2) propofol (4 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg/min) was used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia respectively. The anesthesia in g2 was maintained by route of continuous infusion. Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) was performed routinely in all dogs. Blood samples were taken through the cephalic vein before anesthesia induction (T1), and one hour (T2), and 24 hours (T3) after anesthesia induction. Blood serum was separated by centrifugation. The serum samples were used for measuring the oxidative stress markers including; total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) using commercial kits. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated based on TOS to TAC ratio. Data were analyzed using a linear model in GraphPad Prism 9 software considering the significant level of p<0.05. Results: Although OSI (TOS/TAC) increased during anesthesia in two groups, it was significantly lower in g2. MDA level was significantly lower in this group only at T2. In addition, the NO level was significantly lower at T3, and the GPx level was significantly higher at T2 in g1. Conclusion: In TIVA for OHE in dogs, Propofol has the less oxidative effect (based on the TOS, OSI, and NO measures) than ketamine-diazepam. Even the antioxidant effect of propofol may be higher than ketamine-diazepam (based on the TAC and GPx measures). Keywords: Propofol, Ketamine, Diazepam, Oxidative stress, Serum, anesthesia.

Poor reproductive efficiency in dairy cows continues to be a major concern for the dairy industry worldwide. In the last few decades, genetic selection for milk production has been associated with decreased reproductive efficiency. The modern high-producing dairy cow partitions a greater proportion of available nutrients toward milk production at the expenses of body reserves and reproduction. On the other hand, incorrect detection of estrus is related to the loss of profit due to extended calving intervals, milk loss, and related veterinary costs. Considerable research efforts have focused on developing technologies to induce synchronized ovulation for timed artificial insemination (TAI) in beef and dairy cattle. The objective of the present study was to improve ovulation rate (OR), conception rate (CR) and pregnancy rate (PR) in lactating Holstein dairy cows by replacing the second gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH2) in Ovsynch and Co-synch protocols with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Forty nine cows that had performed their first calving about 60 days ago were registered in the following groups after being confirmed to be healthy clinically: 1) The Ovsynch group (OVS; n=12): GnRH, 7 days, PGF2?, 56 hours, GnRH, 16-18 hours TAI; 2) The Co-synch group (COS; n=12): GnRH, 7 days, PGF2?, 72 hours, GnRH + TAI; 3) The Ovsynch + hCG (OVS-hCG; n=12): As OVS except that the GnRH2 was replaced with a dose of hCG (1500 i.u., i.m.); 4) The Co-synch + hCG (COS-hCG; n=13): As COS except that the GnRH2 was replaced with a dose of hCG (1500 i.u., i.m.). Ovaries of all animals were scanned ultrasonographically on days 9, 10 and 11 after beginning of the protocols (day 0, the beginning day of the protocols) to record ovulation. Ovulation was defined as the disappearance (from one scanning session to the next) of a previously identified follicle greater than or equal to 8 mm in diameter. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by transrectal ultrasonography on days 30 ± 1 and 42 ± 1 after TAI for determining CR an PR, respectively. The results of the current study showed that the highiest OR, CR, and PR were achieved in OVS, OVS, and OVS, and the lowest OR, CR, and PR in COS, OVS-hCG, and COS-hCG, respectively, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that replacing GnRH2 with hCG in Ovsynch and Co-synch protocols did not improve OR, CR, or PR (P=0.08). Conducting the experiment in a larger scale may reveal more clear results.   

Fear-Related Behaviors and Diffrent Types of fear Evoking Stimule in Household Domestic Dog(Canis familaris) of