Abstract

This study aims to elucidate the morphometric and morphological details of teeth in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, Waterhouse, 1839) and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus, Linnaeus, 1758) using micro-CT and stereology (n=5). Notably, the hamsters exhibited distinctive roots in their cheek teeth, in contrast to the guinea pigs, where the tooth body extended as a dental root into the alveolar sac, making anatomical diagnosis challenging. ? The first and second cheek teeth of the hamster had four roots, but the last one had three roots. The hamster incisive teeth had a more voluminous pulp cavity compared to those of guinea pigs.? While the ratio differences of arch parameters and enamel thickness were not statistically significant (P?0.05).   The enamel layer in guinea pig incisive teeth were significantly thicker than that in the hamster teeth (P?0.05). Regarding the dentine-tooth width, the difference between the upper incisive teeth of the hamster and guinea pig was significant (P?0.05). The ratio of pulp-tooth volume in all incisive teeth of the hamster was significantly higher than that in the guinea pig’s teeth (P?0.05). Histologically, incisors in both species consist of enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum. Dentin was distinguishable into immature and mature forms in both species, featuring dentinal tubules and a transformation of odontoblast from cylindrical cells near the incisal surface to cuboidal cells near the root apex. Hamster cheek teeth were brachydont with conventional enamel and cementum patterns, whereas guinea pig cheek teeth were hypsodont, exhibiting enamel spaces, cartilage-like cementum, and prominent osteodentin with cellular lacunae. Immunohistochemically, Ki67 proliferation marker was prominently expressed in guinea pig incisor bud-forming cells and some odontoblasts, reflecting active cellular renewal, whereas hamster incisors lacked such proliferative activity. Both species showed absence of pluripotency marker 2-Oct 3/4 in dental pulp and odontoblasts, while S100 protein was present only in mesenchymal cells of hamster incisor pulp. These insights contribute to deeper understanding the evolutionary adaptations in rodent dentition and suggest improved information and methodologies for translational dental studies and selecting more appropriate animal model in dental research.

Keywords: Rodent, dental morphology, comparative anatomy, dietary habits, micro-CT scanning

In recent years, the use of intelligent packaging based on edible or biodegradable films has attracted the attention of many researchers. In this type of packaging, the color change of the film can indicate the spoilage and freshness of various products. Total volatile bases, which are produced during the spoilage of protein-based foods, can react with water molecules in the film, leading to an increase in pH and a color change in the indicators within the polymer. This study will investigate the chemical, structural, and morphological properties of a smart aerogel based on carboxymethyl cellulose Arabic gum containing carbon dots and anthocyanins derived from black chickpea peels, as well as its application in monitoring the freshness of chicken fillets.

S.B, [06.02.25 11:04] In recent decades, microbial resistance has been recognized as one of the greatest challenges in public health. The emergence and spread of antibiotic- resistant bacteria have doubled the necessity for new research to discover effective antimicrobial compounds. In this context, medicinal plants, due to their bioactive compounds, have high potential for producing new drugs. Cannabis sativa L., known for its numerous medicinal properties, is the focus of this study. This research aims to investigate the antimicrobial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts and nanocapsules containing these extracts against two significant and pathogenic bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae. The methodology included preparing hydroalcoholic extracts from cannabis plants and synthesizing nanocapsules containing these extracts using advanced nanotechnology techniques. To assess the antimicrobial effects, standard laboratory methods such as determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were used. Additionally, the physical and chemical properties of the nanocapsules were evaluated to ensure their stability and efficacy. The results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of the cannabis plant has significant antimicrobial effects against both target bacterial species. However, the nanocapsules containing the cannabis extract demonstrated far greater efficacy due to increased surface contact with the bacteria and improved bioavailability. These nanocapsules were able to inhibit the growth and survival of the bacteria at lower concentrations compared to the pure extract. This study highlights the importance of using nanotechnology to enhance the efficacy of herbal medicines and the development of a new generation of antimicrobial agents. This achievement can be seen as a novel step in combating microbial resistance and improving the treatment of infections caused by resistant bacteria. Keywords: Cannabis sativa, hydroalcoholic extract, nanocapsules, antimicrobial effects, microbial resistance, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae  

This study aims to incorporate Chrysanthemum indicum petals’ extract (CIE) into the carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers by the electrospinning technique and design corn starch- chitosan (CS-CH) aerogels enriched with encapsulated CIE 6% and montmorillonite (MMT, 0.5%) by freeze-drying process to track the freshness of rainbow trout fillets using corresponding pH-sensitive aerogels during 6 days of storage at chilled conditions. The thickness, water solubility, moisture content, and water vapor sorption capacity of developed CS-CH aerogels were 0.38 -0.39 cm, 5.49% - 59.80%, 0.10% - 0.17%, and 0.24% - 4.12%, respectively. The color of pH-sensitive CS-CH + CIE 6% and CS-CH + CIE 6% + MMT 0.5% aerogels was red, purplish-red,blue, peacock blue, and brown at pH 1-4, 5-6, 7, 8, and 9-10, respectively. After 4 days of refrigerated storage of the rainbow trout fillets, the initial white color of the CS-CH + CIE 6% and CS-CH + CIE 6% + MMT 0.5% aerogels rapidly turned blue, while the total viable count, psychrotrophic bacterial count, total volatile basic nitrogen, and pH of the samples reached 7.34  log CFU/g, 5.89 log CFU/g, 25.59 mg N/100 g, and 7.12, respectively, indicating that the samples spoiled and is no longer acceptable for human utilization.

Keywords: pH-sensitive label, electrospinning, freshness monitoring  

The objectives of the present experiment were to fabricate aerogels based on gelatin-sodium alginate (GL-SA) containing cellulose nanofibers (CNF, 1.5%) and encapsulated Echinacea angustifolia extract (EAE, 5.5%) and investigate their potential utilization of fabricated intelligent aerogels to track the silver carp fillet freshness over a 6-day period at refrigerated conditions. The GL-SA + EAE 5.5% and GL-SA + EAE 5.5% + CNF 1.5% aerogels presented distinguishable color changes at pH 1-2, 3-6, 7, 8, and 9-10, which were pink, red, dark violet, green, and yellow-brown, respectively, and were highly sensitive to volatile ammonia. The developed aerogels exhibited appropriate thermal stability and physical properties, including water solubility (14.15%-55.23%), moisture content (0.12%-0.28%), and water vapor sorption capacity (0.17%-0.81%). The colorimetric GL-SA + EAE 5.5% and GL-SA + EAE 5.5% + CNF 1.5% aerogels indicated different colors (white ? dark violet) to represent the spoilage of silver carp fillets as the pH (6.63 ? 7.12), total volatile basic nitrogen (7.49 mg N/100 g ? 25.89 mg N/100g), total viable count (3.34 log CFU/g ? 7.10 log CFU/g), and psychrotrophic bacterial count (3.01 log CFU/g ? 6.16 log CFU/g) of the packaged fish changed.

  ermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are mature stem cells that have the ability to self-renew, differentiate and transfer genetics to the next generation. Due to the importance of these cells, recent medical and biological studies have focused on the process of their isolation, purification, diagnosis, cultivation and maintenance. For long-term preservation of cell stocks, freezing is the method of choice. Although freezing makes it possible to preserve cell reserves, it causes oxidative stress in cells.Curcumin is the effective substance of the yellow juba plant, which prevents the production of free radicals and damage to cells with its antioxidant properties. In order to preserve the reserves of spermatogonial cells, it is necessary to improve the freezing environment. The aim of the work is to investigate the effect of curcumin on the survival and quality of frozen testicular stem cells after thawing in order to improve the freezing environment in goats.

Abstract
Molecular investigation of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in raw milk of sheep and goat herds in Kermanshah province.
Introduction: Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) is one of the common pathogens between humans and animals that can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, including diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The main reservoir of these pathogenic strains are ruminants, especially cows, and raw milk is one of the main sources of infection. Currently, the resistance of these bacteria to common antibiotics, especially third-generation cephalosporin, is increasing due to the production of broad-spectrum beta-lactamase enzyme, and subsequently, it has caused many treatment problems in the world. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of VTEC and their antibiotic resistance genes in raw milk of sheep and goat herds in Kermanshah province.

Methods: A total of 118 sheep and goat raw milk samples were collected. After DNA extraction, the samples were subjected to PCR reaction to identify UsPA, uidA, Stx1 and Stx2 genes. Samples containing uidA and UsPA genes are E. coli positive samples and samples containing Stx1 and/or Stx2 genes in addition to the two mentioned genes are considered to contain VTEC and in order to identify the antibiotic resistance genes belaTEM, belaSHV and belaCTX M by PCR. Were examined.
Results: In the results of this study, a total of 32 samples out of 118 milk samples (27.1%) contained uidA and UsPA genes and were considered as E.coli. All 32 E.coli positive samples also contained the Stx1 gene and were considered VTEC. No cases of Stx2 gene were found. The prevalence of belaSHV and belaCTX M antibiotic resistance genes among the positive E.coli samples was 90.6% and 56.2%, respectively. No samples containing the belaTEM gene were found.
Conclusion: The prevalence of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the present study was 27.1%. According to the findings of the present study, the prevalence of VTEC strain in raw milk, which is one of the important sources of food in our country and other regions, is high, which raises many concerns about the transmission of this bacterium and its associated diseases in humans. On the other hand, the amount of antibiotic resistance of these microorganisms is increasing, which is also one of the most serious problems in the field of public health all over the world. These results indicate the need to examine raw milk and its products in the country and to strictly control this food source in terms of hygiene and non-contamination of samples.
Key words: Escherichia coli, virulence genes, resistance genes