Introduction and Objective:Blastocystis is one of the common parasites of the gastrointestinal tract in humans as well as in domestic and wild animals, with a wide geographical distribution worldwide. Due to its high prevalence and its potential role in gastrointestinal disorders, this parasite has always attracted the attention of researchers. Studies have shown that Blastocystis is capable of infecting a variety of hosts, raising the possibility of transmission between humans and animals. Epidemiological investigations indicate that domestic animals may serve as potential reservoirs for this parasite, although their exact role in transmission to humans has not yet been fully clarified. Kermanshah Province, due to extensive livestock activities and close contact between humans and domestic animals, provides favorable conditions for the dissemination of intestinal parasites. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Blastocystis infection in domestic livestock in this province, aiming to provide baseline.    Materials and Methods: In this study, 410 fecal samples from four livestock species including horses (81 samples), cattle (125 samples), sheep (121 samples) and goats (83 samples) were randomly collected from livestock farms and livestock centers in different cities of Kermanshah province. The samples were obtained fresh and directly by rectal swab in cattle and horses and by anal stimulation in sheep and goats and placed in sterile containers containing an appropriate preservative solution (70% alcohol). After collection, the samples were stored at 4°C and tra  orted to the laboratory as soon as possible. In order to initially investigate the infection with Blastocystis parasite, all samples were subjected to microscopic examination using the wet spread method and Lugel staining and flotation by the Clayton Lane method. The samples were observed using a light microscope at ×100 and ×400 magnifications and the results were recorded accurately. DNA extraction from the studied samples was performed using a kit and in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Molecular identification of Blastocystis parasite was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and general primers specific to this parasite based on the SSU rRNA gene including RD5 and BhRDr. Finally, statistical analysis of the data was performed and a statistical significance level of less than 0.05 was considered.    Results: According to the results, the overall prevalence of infection in the microscopic method was reported as 38 cases (9.2%); the highest prevalence was observed in cattle (13.6%) and the lowest in horses (1.2%). The infection rate in sheep was 9% and in goats was 10.8%. By gender, the infection rate in males was 6.8% and in females was 11.3%. Based on age group, animals less than 2 years old were reported to be infected by 1.8% and over 2 years old by 10.3%. In the molecular method, a total of 38 samples (9.2%) were detected positive. The highest prevalence was observed in cattle (12.8%), followed by sheep (10.7%) and goats (10.8%), while no positive cases were detected in horses, which were not statistically significantly different from the microscopic method. By gender, the prevalence of parasites in males was 6.8% and females were 11.3%. Based on age group, the prevalence of parasites in animals under 2 years old was 7.6% and over 2 years old was 10.8%. There was no statistically significant difference between the two methods in terms of gender and age. Random examination of 20 negative morphological samples by molecular method led to the identification of 3 positive cases, indicating a higher sensitivity of the molecular method compared to the microscopic method.   

در سال هاي اخير، استفاده از بسته بندي هوشمند بر پايه فيلم هاي خوراكي يا زيست تخريب پذير مورد توجه بسياري از محققين قرار گرفته است. در اين نوع بسته بندي با تغيير رنگ فيلم مي تواند فساد وتازگي محصولات مختلف را مشخص نمود. بازهاي فرار كل كه از مواد غذايي پروتئيني در حين فساد توليد مي شوند مي توانند با مولكول هاي آب موجود در فيلم واكنش دهند، و به تبع آن موجب افزايش pH و تغيير رنگ شاخص هاي موجود در پليمر شوند. در اين تحقيق تعيين ويژگي هاي شيميايي، ساختاري و موفولوژي آئروژل هوشمند بر پايه صمغ عربي كربوكسي متيل سلولز حاوي كربن دات آنتوسيانين هاي مشتق از پوست نخود سياه و كاربرد آن در كنترل تازگي فيله مرغ بررسي خواهد گرديد.

  androlone is one of the most abused anabolic androgenic drugs that are abused. Studies show a connection between nandrolone and learning and memory. The effect of nandrolone on learning and memory is complicated and the results are different. Nandrolone can affect learning and memory using different pathways, including genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Non-genomic steroid function involves the rapid induction of conventional second messenger signal transduction cascades. This process can increase intracellular calcium and activate protein kinases and phosphatases. Calcineurin is an intracellular signaling element that modulates learning and memory and the activation of calcineurin depends on calcium concentration. It is reported that steroids modulate calcineurin activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify nandrolone mechanism on spatial and passive avoidance memory and the role of calcineurin. In this study, 40 adult rats were devided into 4 groups including: control, nandrolone (5 mg/kg), nandrolone (15 mg/kg) and nandrolone (20 mg/kg). After 4 weeks of nandrolone injections, learning and memory will be evaluated using morris water maze (MWM) and shuttle box. At the end of behavioral measurements, the hippocampus of the rats will be extracted to assess the protein expression and calcineurin activity in dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Data analysis will be done using   

چكيده مقدمه و هدف : فاض?ب دفعي بيمارستان از مهم‌ترين منابع انتشار عوامل عفونت‌زا در مح?ط است. وجود عواملانگلي متعدد و زئونوز در فاضلاب بيمارستاني و احتمال راه‌يابي اين فاضلاب به آبهاي آشاميدني يا محصولات كشاورزي، خطري بالقوه جهت انتقال بيماري‌هاي‌ انگلي به انسان و دام محسوب ميشود. فاضلاب‌ها به دليل دارا بودن مواد مغذي ميتواند براي اصلاح خاك استفاده شود و چنانچه به شكل صحيح سالم‌سازي نشود، عوامل مقاوم انگلي نظير تخم كرم‌ها و كيست تك‌ياختهها ممكن است وارد محصولات كشاورزي شود. هدف از ا?ن مطالعه تع??ن وضع?ت آلودگي‌انگل? فاض?ب خام بيمارستان امام رضا (ع) شهر كرمانشاه است. مواد و روش‌كار : اين مطالعه بر روي نمونه‌هاي اخذ شده از بيمارستان امام رضا(ع) شهرستان كرمانشاه صورت گرفته و نمونه‌گيري از فروردين ماه 1403 تا شهريور ماه 1403 به مدت 6 ماه و به صورت هفتگي انجام شد. نمونـه‌هاي اخذ شده بـراي انجـام آزمايشات انگل شناسي به آزمايشگاه انگل شناسي دانشكده دامپزشكي دانشگاه رازي منتقل شدند. آنـاليز انگلـي بـر اسـاس روش بيلنجـر بـا لام شـمارش مـك ‌مسـتر انجام شد. جهت تشخيص آلودگي نمونههاي اخذ شده به تك‌ياخته كريپتوسپوريديوم از هر نمونه 3 گسترش تهيه‌كرده و پس از ثابت كردن با اتانول به روش ذل-نيلسون اصلاح شده رنگ‌آميزي ميشود و زير ميكروسكوپ مشاهده شد و وجود آلودگي و شدت آلودگي براي هر نمونه ثبت گرديد. جهت مقايسه آلودگي در ماههاي مختلف نمونهگيري از آزمونهاي آماري در بستر نرم‌افزار    استفاده شد. در اين مطالعه مقادير p كمتر از 05/0 معنيدار در نظر گرفته شدند. نتايج : بر اساس نتايج به‌دست‌آمده، در روش تلمن تخم تنيا، لارو نماتود، تخم هيمنولپيس نانا، كيست ژيارديا، كيست كيلوماستيكس، كيست آميب، كيست بلاستوسيستيس هومينيس، كيست يوامبا بوتچلي مشاهده شد و فاضلاب تصفيه شده بيمارستان امام رضا ازنظر آلودگي با كريپتوسپوريديوم در مواردي بسيار كم مثبت بود. آزمون‌هاي آماري كه بر روي نتايج روش تلمن انجام شد، اختلاف معني‌دار بين آلودگي انگلي فاضلاب تصفيه شده ماه‌هاي نمونه‌گيري را نشان نداد. همين‌طور اختلاف معني‌دار بين آلودگي انگلي فصل بهار و تابستان فاضلاب تصفيه شده بيمارستان امام رضا ديده نشد. آلودگي به كريپتوسپوريديوم در ماههاي مختلف بيمارستان و در فصول بهار و تابستان اختلاف معني‌داري را نشان نداد. نتيجه‌گيري : آلودگي فاضلاب بيمارستان امام رضا(ع) كرمانشاه به انواع انگلهاي پاتوژن، نشاندهنده توانايي پسابها و كود ناشي از آن در آلوده سازي منابع آبي و محصولات كشاورزي مورداستفاده براي انسان و دامهاست. لذا سالم‌سازي صحيح فاضلاب قبل از ورود به محيط‌زيست از اهميت بالايي برخوردار است. كلمات كليدي : فاضلاب، فاضلاب بيمارستان، آلودگي انگلي، كرمانشاه، تك‌ياخته، كرم

Keywords: pH-sensitive label, electrospinning, freshness monitoring  

Background: Given the projected increase in poultry meat consumption in the coming decades and advancements in genetic improvement processes and nutritional technologies for broiler chickens—leading to a shorter growth period—and due to the limited agricultural resources for poultry feed, the importance of the hatching phase has become more significant. In ovo injection is an innovative technology that has the potential to improve hatchability and subsequent growth performance in broiler chickens. Retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays vital roles in embryonic development, cellular differentiation, and tissue formation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of retinoic acid on hatchability, the expression of growth-related genes, hepatic enzyme status, and the early growth of internal organs post-hatching. Methods: In this study, 250 fertilized eggs were divided into five groups: the retinoic acid injection group, the    injection group, the DMSO injection group, the ethanol-disinfected group, and the control group. The injections were performed on day 14 of incubation, and the chicks were sacrificed on the first day of hatching for experimental analyses. The necessary samples were collected for further examinations. Results: The results indicated that in ovo injection of retinoic acid had no significant effect on the hatchability rate or chick weight. Regarding liver function, no significant changes were observed in hepatic enzyme levels, including GGT, LDH, and GOT. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant increase in GHR gene expression in the liver tissue of the retinoic acid-treated group. However, no significant changes were detected in GHR expression in intestinal tissue or in IGF-1 expression in both liver and intestinal tissues. Histomorphometric analysis of the duodenum and colon tissues showed slight changes in villus length and crypt depth, but these changes were not statistically significant .Additionally, no alterations were observed in the normal histological structure of the liver tissue. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that on the first day of hatching, the expression of the GHR gene in liver tissue was significantly increased, which could potentially contribute to enhanced growth and improved growth performance later in life. Furthermore, retinoic acid at the administered concentration had no significant effects on hatchability, chick weight, liver function, IGF-1 gene expression, or the histomorphometric findings examined in this study. Keywords: In ovo injection, retinoic acid, hatchability, growth, gene expression, broiler chicken.      

Keywords: Natural colorant; Electrospinning; Freshness indicator

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and fatal types of cancer. Despite advances in therapeutic strategies, the limitations and side effects of current treatments underscore the urgent need for novel and more effective approaches. Among these, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO   ) have emerged as a promising candidate for cancer therapy due to their significant antitumor properties and the feasibility of environmentally friendly synthesis methods. While numerous studies have explored the antitumor effects of ZnO   , the precise mechanisms of action and their relationship with alterations in tumor marker expressions, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), remain inadequately understood. This study aims to elucidate the dual effects of green-synthesized ZnO    on HT-29 colorectal cancer cells and their impact on the expression of these tumor markers, contributing to the personalization of treatments and improvement of therapeutic outcomes for CRC patients. Additionally, to assess the role of synthesis methods in nanoparticle efficacy, the results of green-synthesized ZnO    were compared with those of chemically synthesized ZnO   . Green synthesis of ZnO    was performed using ethanolic pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatum). Bioactive compounds in the extract were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential analysis, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results confirmed the formation of nanoscale particles with a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure, spherical and hexagonal morphology. The antitumor effects of the green-synthesized ZnO   , compared to chemically synthesized ZnO   , were evaluated on colorectal cancer cells. The MTT assay revealed that green-synthesized ZnO    exhibited stronger dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on colorectal cancer cells than their chemically synthesized counterparts, with an IC50 value of 80.28 µg/mL. DAPI and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining demonstrated significant tumor cell growth arrest in cancer cells treated with green-synthesized ZnO   . Furthermore, ELISA analysis showed a substantial reduction in tumor biomarkers CEA and KRAS. The findings of this study suggest that integrating novel therapeutic approaches, including the application of green-synthesized ZnO    using ethanolic pomegranate peel extract (P.G.), along with precise evaluation of multiple tumor biomarkers, could lead to significant advancements in targeted and effective colorectal cancer therapies. Keywords: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, green synthesis, colorectal cancer cells, HT-29, tumor biomarkers, ELISA, DAPI staining, acridine orange/ethidium bromide.