This study investigates the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the heart and major arteries in the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). Five adult male birds were used as samples. Various morphometric and histomorphometric parameters of the heart and its major arteries were measured. The detailed structure of the cardiac chambers was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the expression patterns of desmin and ?-SMA proteins were evaluated through immunohistochemical staining. The heart exhibited an elongated, conical shape, with mean length and width of 2.94 ± 0.46 cm and 2.38 ± 0.15 cm, respectively. In the right ventricle, the basal and apical regions were thinner than the middle region (P<0.05). Overall, the thickness of both left and right ventricular walls decreased from base to apex. Although the wall thickness and luminal diameter of the left brachiocephalic trunk and left pulmonary artery were greater than their right counterparts, these differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). In contrast, these parameters were significantly higher in the aorta and brachiocephalic trunks compared to the pulmonary arteries (P<0.05). The parietal wall of the right ventricle consisted of two distinct muscular layers. The thickness of the left ventricular wall in the middle and apical regions was approximately four and three times greater than that of the right ventricle, respectively. SEM observations revealed that the muscular right atrioventricular valve was connected to the free wall of the right ventricle by several muscular cords. The chordae tendineae of the left atrioventricular valve exhibited a branched appearance, with each chord composed of three to four thinner intertwined strands attached to a common papillary muscle. The Purkinje fiber network was extensively distributed throughout the myocardium, exhibited strong immunoreactivity for desmin, and was negative for ?-SMA. While the patterns of ventricular wall thickness, valve structure, and the extensive Purkinje fiber network reflect the functional differentiation of various cardiac regions and the adaptation of the heart and major arteries to the hemodynamic demands of birds, the unique structure of the muscular right atrioventricular valve adds subtlety to avian valvular diversity and highlights anatomical differences among bird species. Furthermore, the observed immunohistochemical differences, including positive desmin reactivity and negative ?-SMA expression in Purkinje fibers, indicate specialized structural mechanisms for rapid electrical conduction and coordinated ventricular contraction Keyword: common pheasant, avian, cardiovascular system, Immunohistochemistry   

در سال هاي اخير، استفاده از بسته بندي هوشمند بر پايه فيلم هاي خوراكي يا زيست تخريب پذير مورد توجه بسياري از محققين قرار گرفته است. در اين نوع بسته بندي با تغيير رنگ فيلم مي تواند فساد وتازگي محصولات مختلف را مشخص نمود. بازهاي فرار كل كه از مواد غذايي پروتئيني در حين فساد توليد مي شوند مي توانند با مولكول هاي آب موجود در فيلم واكنش دهند، و به تبع آن موجب افزايش pH و تغيير رنگ شاخص هاي موجود در پليمر شوند. در اين تحقيق تعيين ويژگي هاي شيميايي، ساختاري و موفولوژي آئروژل هوشمند بر پايه صمغ عربي كربوكسي متيل سلولز حاوي كربن دات آنتوسيانين هاي مشتق از پوست نخود سياه و كاربرد آن در كنترل تازگي فيله مرغ بررسي خواهد گرديد.

Keywords: pH-sensitive label, electrospinning, freshness monitoring  

Keywords: Natural colorant; Electrospinning; Freshness indicator

Abstract   Introduction and Objective: Wastewater from slaughterhouses is one of the most significant sources of the spread of infectious agents in the environment. The presence of various parasitic and zoonotic agents in slaughterhouse wastewater and the potential for this wastewater to enter drinking water or agricultural products poses a potential risk for the transmission of parasitic diseases to humans and livestock. Wastewater, due to its nutrient content, can be used for soil improvement, and if not properly treated, resistant parasitic agents such as worm eggs and protozoan cysts may contaminate agricultural products. The aim of this study is to determine the level of parasitic contamination in raw wastewater from slaughterhouses in Kermanshah County. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on samples taken from two slaughterhouses in Kermanshah County (Bistoon Slaughterhouse and Mahdasht Slaughterhouse), with sampling carried out weekly over a period of six months. Parasitological analysis was performed based on the Bilinger method using a counting chamber with a volume of 0.3 milliliters. Additionally, to identify the eggs and cysts of heavy parasites that could not be detected by the Bilinger method, the Telman method was employed. To diagnose contamination of the collected samples with protozoa, a modified Nelson staining method was used, and after examining the presence and intensity of contamination, results were recorded for each sample. To compare contamination levels across different months of sampling and between the two slaughterhouses, statistical tests were conducted using    software. In this study, p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Based on the obtained results, Ascaris eggs, eggs of other nematodes, Moniezia eggs, nematode larvae, Giardia cysts, and Eimeria oocysts were observed using the Baermann method, while Trichuris, Fasciola, and Dicrocoelium eggs were detected using the Telman method. The raw wastewater from both slaughterhouses tested positive for Cryptosporidium contamination. Statistical tests conducted on the results from the Baermann method did not show a significant difference in parasitic contamination of the raw wastewater between the Bistoon and Mahidisht slaughterhouses during the sampling months. Similarly, no significant difference was observed in the total parasitic contamination of the raw wastewater from both slaughterhouses across different sampling months. In each slaughterhouse, there was also no significant difference in contamination intensity between the various sampling months. The contamination by Cryptosporidium did not show a significant difference between the two slaughterhouses, either in total or when separated by slaughterhouse, across the different months. Conclusion: The contamination of wastewater from slaughterhouses in Kermanshah with various pathogenic parasites indicates the potential of effluents and the resulting manure to pollute water resources and agricultural products used for humans and livestock. Therefore, proper treatment of wastewater before its release into the environment is of great importance. Keywords: Wastewater, Slaughterhouse, Parasitic pollution, Kermanshah, Protozoa, Worm  

Colorectal cancer is one of the most significant health threats, with current treatments facing challenges such as severe side effects and cellular resistance. Inducing apoptosis has emerged as an innovative approach to overcoming these obstacles. Green-synthesized nanoparticles have shown great promise in this regard. These nanoparticles can effectively eliminate cancer cells by inducing apoptosis while minimizing side effects. In this in vitro study, aimed at evaluating antitumor potential and apoptosis induction, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO   ) were synthesized via a green method using ethanolic pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatum). Initially, bioactive compounds in the pomegranate peel extract were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The nanoparticles were subsequently characterized using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results confirmed the formation of ZnO nanoparticles with a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure, nanoscale size, and spherical and hexagonal morphology. The antitumor effects and apoptosis-inducing capabilities of green-synthesized ZnO    were compared with chemically synthesized ZnO    on colorectal cancer cells (HT-29). MTT assay results demonstrated that green-synthesized ZnO    exhibited stronger dose-dependent cytotoxic effects than their chemically synthesized counterparts. The IC50 value for green-synthesized nanoparticles was determined to be 80.28 µg/mL, indicating higher cytotoxicity compared to chemically synthesized ZnO   . Acridine orange/propidium iodide and DAPI staining techniques revealed a significant increase in apoptosis in cancer cells treated with green-synthesized ZnO   . Furthermore, immunocytochemistry (ICC) analysis showed a significant increase in p53 protein levels and a substantial decrease in Bcl-2 protein expression in these cells (p ? 0.0001). These findings indicate that green-synthesized ZnO    exert stronger cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effects on cancer cells compared to chemically synthesized nanoparticles. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that green synthesis of ZnO    using pomegranate peel extract (P.G.) offers much higher potential for inducing cellular apoptosis and inhibiting tumor cell growth. These findings open new horizons in cancer nanotechnology, suggesting that green-synthesized ZnO    could serve as a promising therapeutic agent in cancer treatment. Keywords: Apoptosis, BCL-2, p53, colorectal cancer cells HT-29, zinc oxide nanoparticles, green synthesis, immunocytochemistry (ICC).

   Background: Pain is one of the most common clinical symptoms. Clinical treatment of pain is still a big problem. Therefore, it is necessary for researchers to look for treatments with fewer side effects. Plants have high biological importance and some of them can show antinociceptive activities. Esculin is one of the important derivatives of Fraxinus rhynchophylla plant bark. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antinociceptive effects of esculin and the possible mechanisms involved in it in adult male mice. Methods: In this study, mice were divided into 5 groups, which include the control group, 3 groups receiving esculin (with doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) and the indomethacin group (5 mg/kg). Pain induction was done using writhing test. To check the analgesic activity, 30 minutes after the injection of the above compounds in the respective groups, 0.6% acetic acid (10 mg/kg) was injected and the behavior of the mice was observed for 30 minutes to count the number of writhes. took Then, the most effective dose of esculin (40 mg/kg) was selected to investigate the involved mechanisms. In order to investigate the possible role of the systems involved in analgesia caused by esculin, pretreatment with naloxone (opioidergic receptors antagonist, 2 mg/kg), atropine (cholinergic receptors antagonist, 1 mg/kg), chlorpheniramine (H1 histaminergic receptors antagonist, 20 mg/kg), cimetidine (H2 histaminergic receptors antagonist, 12.5 mg/kg), flumazenil (GABAergic receptors antagonist, 5 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (serotonergic receptors antagonist, 4 mg/kg) and yohimbine (adrenergic receptors antagonist, 2 mg/kg) were administered 15 minutes before the injection of esculin. Then, 15 minutes after the injection of esculin, acetic acid was injected and the number of writhes was calculated for 30 minutes. All injections were done intraperitoneally. Results: The results showed that esculin has a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in pain induced by the writhing test (0/05>P(. Also, in the groups pretreated with naloxone, atropine, flumazenil and yohimbine, the antinociceptive effects decreased significantly (0/05>P(.

raw meat products play a significant role in the transmission of different types of Sarcocystis terran. Hamburger is one of the meat products that may be produced in two industrial ways in licensed factories or hand-made and sold in shops. This product is usually made from beef and can carry important pathogens such as Sarcocystis protozoa. In this research, the contamination rate of hamburgers distributed in Kermanshah with Sarcocystis parasite was investigated using two methods of pepsin digestion and molecular (PCR).

AbstractMolecular investigation of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in raw milk of sheep and goat herds in Kermanshah province. Introduction: Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) is one of the common pathogens between humans and animals that can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, including diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The main reservoir of these pathogenic strains are ruminants, especially cows, and raw milk is one of the main sources of infection. Currently, the resistance of these bacteria to common antibiotics, especially third-generation cephalosporin, is increasing due to the production of broad-spectrum beta-lactamase enzyme, and subsequently, it has caused many treatment problems in the world. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of VTEC and their antibiotic resistance genes in raw milk of sheep and goat herds in Kermanshah province. Methods: A total of 118 sheep and goat raw milk samples were collected. After DNA extraction, the samples were subjected to PCR reaction to identify UsPA, uidA, Stx1 and Stx2 genes. Samples containing uidA and UsPA genes are E. coli positive samples and samples containing Stx1 and/or Stx2 genes in addition to the two mentioned genes are considered to contain VTEC and in order to identify the antibiotic resistance genes belaTEM, belaSHV and belaCTX M by PCR. Were examined. Results: In the results of this study, a total of 32 samples out of 118 milk samples (27.1%) contained uidA and UsPA genes and were considered as E.coli. All 32 E.coli positive samples also contained the Stx1 gene and were considered VTEC. No cases of Stx2 gene were found. The prevalence of belaSHV and belaCTX M antibiotic resistance genes among the positive E.coli samples was 90.6% and 56.2%, respectively. No samples containing the belaTEM gene were found. Conclusion: The prevalence of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the present study was 27.1%. According to the findings of the present study, the prevalence of VTEC strain in raw milk, which is one of the important sources of food in our country and other regions, is high, which raises many concerns about the transmission of this bacterium and its associated diseases in humans. On the other hand, the amount of antibiotic resistance of these microorganisms is increasing, which is also one of the most serious problems in the field of public health all over the world. These results indicate the need to examine raw milk and its products in the country and to strictly control this food source in terms of hygiene and non-contamination of samples. Key words: Escherichia coli, virulence genes, resistance genes